Aim: How did World War I redraw the map of the Middle East? - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 21
About This Presentation
Title:

Aim: How did World War I redraw the map of the Middle East?

Description:

Aim: How did World War I redraw the map of the Middle East? – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:177
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 22
Provided by: NYCD75
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Aim: How did World War I redraw the map of the Middle East?


1
Aim How did World War I redraw the map of the
Middle East?
2
  • Background
  • 1) 1798 Napoleon invades Egypt
  • 2) 1805 Muhammad Ali seizes control of Egypt
  • 3) 1815 Congress of Vienna a) Legitimacy
  • b) Balance of Power British prop up weak
    Ottoman Empire
  • 4) 1820s Greeks gain independence from Ottoman
    Empire
  • 5) 1850s Crimean War England and France
    prevent Russia from taking over Ottoman
    territory, including Istanbul, and Bosporus and
    Dardanelles
  • 6) 1854-1869 Building of Suez Canal
  • 7) 1878 Russia defeats Ottoman Empire Romania
    and Serbia gain full independence from Ottoman
    Empire
  • 8) 1908 Austria annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina
  • 9) 1912 First Balkan War
  • 10) 1913 Second Balkan War
  • 11) 1914 WW I Ottoman Empire enters War on
    Germanys side
  • 12) 1915 Siege of Gallipoli British forces
    fail to take Bosporus and Dardanelles from
    Ottoman forces General Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk)
    defeats British efforts.

3
Turkey decline of the Ottoman Empire and the
emergence of a nation-state
  • Young Turks group of soldiers who want the
    Ottoman Empire to modernize. Start in late
    1800s. Leader is the military hero Kemal Ataturk
  • 1918 - Turkey emerges as secular Muslim
    country. Laws protecting the secularism nature
    emerge. Turkish Law is derived from English
    Common Law and not Sharia Law. Fez is outlawed,
    and the Western suit and dress is preferred.

4
Egyptian Nationalism Suez Canal make vary
important strategic location
  • Muhammad Ali Pasha mid 1800s ruler (king) of
    Egypt and Sudan who with Ottoman Empires
    permission tries to modernize Egypts Army.
    Borrows money from Great Britain to do so, which
    will be excuse by British to get involved in
    Egyptian politics and allow them and French to
    build and own the Suez Canal. Thus British and
    French also support his family rule
  • 1860s Nationalist movements are created as
    British and French intervention increases with
    the building of the Suez Canal (connects
    Mediterranean Sea to Red Sea). The focus for the
    next 50 years of the Nationalists are to end
    British rule (massive intervention)
  • 1922 Egypt given independence by the British
    after WWI despite rebelling against the British
    during WWI
  • 1930s Egyptian Nationalists identify more with
    Arab Nationalism and become a leading spokesmen
    for Arab independence everywhere
  • 1952 Gamel Nasser and the Egyptian Army
    overthrow the Egyptian king and become a
    Republic (1 party elected rule)
  • -Nasser 1952-1969, Sadat 1969-1980, Mubarak
    1980-2011
  • 2011 Arab Spring overthrows Military Republic
    and demand a more democratic process (still
    ongoing)

5
  • Arab Nationalism -
  • The three major agreements that the British
    government gave

6
A) The Hussein-McMahon Accord
  • As for those regions lying within these
    frontiers wherein Great Britain is free to actI
    am empowered to give the following assurances
  • 1) Subject to the above modification, Great
    Britain is prepared to recognize and support the
    independence of the Arabs
  • in all the regions within the limits demanded by
    the Sharif (Husayn) of Mecca.
  • 2) Great Britain will guarantee the Holy Places
    against all external aggressionI am convinced
    that this declaration will assure you beyond
    doubt of the sympathy of Great Britain

7
B) The Balfour Declaration
November 2nd, 1917 Dear Lord Rothschild, I have
much pleasure in conveying to you, on behalf of
His Majesty's Government, the following
declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist
aspirations which has been submitted to, and
approved by, the Cabinet. "His Majesty's
Government view with favour the establishment in
Palestine of a national home for the Jewish
people, and will use their best endeavours to
facilitate the achievement of this object, it
being clearly understood that nothing shall be
done which may prejudice the civil and religious
rights of existing non-Jewish communities in
Palestine, or the rights and political status
enjoyed by Jews in any other country." I should
be grateful if you would bring this declaration
to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation.
Yours sincerely, Arthur James Balfour
8
But while the British made promises to both Arab
Nationalists and Jewish Nationalists.
9
The British and French had already agreed to
carve out Ottoman territory for their own
national self-interest!!!
10
  • C) The Sykes-Picot Agreement 1916 (Mandates
    established)
  • It is accordingly understood between the French
    and British governments
  • That France and great Britain are prepared to
    recognize and protect an independent Arab states
    or a confederation of Arab states (a) and (b)
    marked on the annexed map, under the suzerainty
    of an Arab chief. That in area (a) France, and in
    area (b) Great Britain, shall have priority of
    right of enterprise and local loans. That in area
    (a) France, and in area (b) great Britain, shall
    alone supply advisers or foreign functionaries at
    the request of the Arab state or confederation of
    Arab states.
  • That in the blue area France, and in the red area
    great Britain, shall be allowed to establish such
    direct or indirect administration or control as
    they desire and as they may think fit to arrange
    with the Arab state or confederation of Arab
    states.
  • That in the brown area there shall be established
    an international administration, the form of
    which is to be decided upon after consultation
    with Russia, and subsequently in consultation
    with the other allies, and the representatives of
    the Sharif of Mecca.

11
  • That Great Britain has the right to build,
    administer, and be sole owner of a railway
    connecting Haifa with area (b), and shall have a
    perpetual right to transport troops along such a
    line at all times ..It shall be agreed that the
    French government will at no time enter into any
    negotiations for the cession of their rights and
    will not cede such rights in the blue area to any
    third power, except the Arab state or
    confederation of Arab states, without the
    previous agreement of his majesty's government,
    who, on their part, will give a similar
    undertaking to the French government regarding
    the red area.
  • The British and French government, as the
    protectors of the Arab state, shall agree that
    they will not themselves acquire and will not
    consent to a third power acquiring territorial
    possessions in the Arabian peninsula, nor consent
    to a third power installing a naval base either
    on the east coast, or on the islands, of the red
    sea. This, however, shall not prevent such
    adjustment of the Aden frontier as may be
    necessary in consequence of recent Turkish
    aggression.
  • The negotiations with the Arabs as to the
    boundaries of the Arab states shall be continued
    through the same channel as heretofore on behalf
    of the two powers.

12
How the Sykes-Picot agreement redrew the map of
the Middle East
13
And what was the American policy at this time?
14
Woodrow Wilsons Fourteen Points, January 8, 1918
  • It will be our wish and purpose that the
    processes of peace, when they are begun, shall be
    absolutely open and that they shall involve and
    permit henceforth no secret understandings of any
    kind. The day of conquest and aggrandizement is
    gone by so is also the day of secret covenants
    entered into in the interest of particular
    governments and likely at some unlooked-for
    moment to upset the peace of the world.
  • We entered this war because violations of right
    had occurred which touched us to the quick and
    made the life of our own people impossible unless
    they were corrected and the world secure once for
    all against their recurrence. What we demand in
    this war, therefore, is nothing peculiar to
    ourselves. It is that the world be made fit and
    safe to live in and particularly that it be made
    safe for every peace-loving nation which, like
    our own, wishes to live its own life, determine
    its own institutions, be assured of justice and
    fair dealing by the other peoples of the world as
    against force and selfish aggression.
  • I. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at,
    after which there shall be no private
    international understandings of any kind but
    diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the
    public view.

15
  • II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas,
    outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in
    war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or
    in part by international action for the
    enforcement of international covenants.
  • III. The removal, so far as possible, of all
    economic barriers and the establishment of an
    equality of trade conditions among all the
    nations consenting to the peace and associating
    themselves for its maintenance.
  • IV. Adequate guarantees given and taken that
    national armaments will be reduced to the lowest
    point consistent with domestic safety.
  • V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial
    adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a
    strict observance of the principle that in
    determining all such questions of sovereignty the
    interests of the populations concerned must have
    equal weight with the equitable claims of the
    government whose title is to be determined.

16
  • XII. The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman
    Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty,
    but the other nationalities which are now under
    Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted
    security of life and an absolutely unmolested
    opportunity of autonomous development, and the
    Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a
    free passage to the ships and commerce of all
    nations under international guarantees.
  • XIII. An independent Polish state should be
    erected which should include the territories
    inhabited by indisputably Polish populations,
    which should be assured a free and secure access
    to the sea, and whose political and economic
    independence and territorial integrity should be
    guaranteed by international covenant.
  • XIV. A general association of nations must be
    formed under specific covenants for the purpose
    of affording mutual guarantees of political
    independence and territorial integrity to great
    and small states alike.

17
The King-Crane Commission Report, August 28, 1919
  • US President Wilson proposed that a commission
    should investigate the will of the inhabitants.
    Originally, the British, French and Americans
    were to send delegates, but both the French and
    British withdrew their support. The French
    withdrew because they understood that the
    findings would be inimical to France. The British
    withdrew because they did not want to antagonize
    the French. The US sent two amateurs, Henry King,
    the President of Oberlin College, and Charles
    Crane, a Chicago-based businessman and
    contributor to the Democratic party. Crane was
    known as an eccentric. The result was a report
    that threw kerosene on the fire of great power
    rivalry. Middle East expert Gertrude Bell
    denounced the report as a deception. The French
    were enraged by what they viewed as British
    manipulation of witness and testimony. The report
    was not considered, and was not made public until
    it was leaked several years later by isolationist
    elements in the United States. Though Wilson had
    announced that the United States had no
    territorial ambitions, and charged the
    commissioners with gathering facts only, the
    report is replete with references to the
    possibility of an American mandate in the Middle
    East.
  • Though the major concern of the report was the
    allocation of Syria to France, it has often been
    cited because of testimony given by Arab
    inhabitants of Palestine against the formation of
    the British mandate. Almost all these delegations
    advocated union with an independent Syria.
    http//www.mideastweb.org

18
T.E. Lawrences proposal for the reconstruction
of the Middle East
  • The Imperial War Museum is to display for the
    first time a newly-discovered map outlining TE
    Lawrence's proposals for the reconstruction of
    the Middle East at the end of the First World
    War. These proposals, never before seen in such
    detail, show that Lawrence opposed the allied
    agreement, which eventually determined the
    borders of Iraq as it is today. The document is
    one of a number of previously unseen exhibits
    featured in Lawrence of Arabia the life, the
    legend, a major new exhibition at the Imperial
    War Museum London about one of the most famous
    British icons of the twentieth century.
  • The peace map, recently uncovered in The National
    Archives, Kew, illustrates the proposals Lawrence
    made to the Eastern Committee of the War Cabinet
    in November 1918.
  • From the press anouncement of Imperial War
    Museum's T.E. Lawrence exhibition, autumn 2005 -
    spring 2006

19
(No Transcript)
20
(No Transcript)
21
Jewish Aliyah to Israel
  • 1880s-1920s Jews from Russia begin to migrate in
    large numbers, mostly to escape Pogroms (attacks
    on Jewish communities).
  • Establish city of Tel Aviv (and inhabit mostly
    Western sea coast area)and slowly become large
    minority in Palestine Mandate
  • World Zionist Organization (Theodor Herzls
    organization) purchases much land for inhabitants
    to live on
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com