Title: Aim: How did World War I redraw the map of the Middle East?
1Aim How did World War I redraw the map of the
Middle East?
2- Background
- 1) 1798 Napoleon invades Egypt
- 2) 1805 Muhammad Ali seizes control of Egypt
- 3) 1815 Congress of Vienna a) Legitimacy
- b) Balance of Power British prop up weak
Ottoman Empire - 4) 1820s Greeks gain independence from Ottoman
Empire - 5) 1850s Crimean War England and France
prevent Russia from taking over Ottoman
territory, including Istanbul, and Bosporus and
Dardanelles - 6) 1854-1869 Building of Suez Canal
- 7) 1878 Russia defeats Ottoman Empire Romania
and Serbia gain full independence from Ottoman
Empire - 8) 1908 Austria annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina
- 9) 1912 First Balkan War
- 10) 1913 Second Balkan War
- 11) 1914 WW I Ottoman Empire enters War on
Germanys side - 12) 1915 Siege of Gallipoli British forces
fail to take Bosporus and Dardanelles from
Ottoman forces General Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk)
defeats British efforts.
3Turkey decline of the Ottoman Empire and the
emergence of a nation-state
- Young Turks group of soldiers who want the
Ottoman Empire to modernize. Start in late
1800s. Leader is the military hero Kemal Ataturk - 1918 - Turkey emerges as secular Muslim
country. Laws protecting the secularism nature
emerge. Turkish Law is derived from English
Common Law and not Sharia Law. Fez is outlawed,
and the Western suit and dress is preferred.
4Egyptian Nationalism Suez Canal make vary
important strategic location
- Muhammad Ali Pasha mid 1800s ruler (king) of
Egypt and Sudan who with Ottoman Empires
permission tries to modernize Egypts Army.
Borrows money from Great Britain to do so, which
will be excuse by British to get involved in
Egyptian politics and allow them and French to
build and own the Suez Canal. Thus British and
French also support his family rule - 1860s Nationalist movements are created as
British and French intervention increases with
the building of the Suez Canal (connects
Mediterranean Sea to Red Sea). The focus for the
next 50 years of the Nationalists are to end
British rule (massive intervention) - 1922 Egypt given independence by the British
after WWI despite rebelling against the British
during WWI - 1930s Egyptian Nationalists identify more with
Arab Nationalism and become a leading spokesmen
for Arab independence everywhere - 1952 Gamel Nasser and the Egyptian Army
overthrow the Egyptian king and become a
Republic (1 party elected rule) - -Nasser 1952-1969, Sadat 1969-1980, Mubarak
1980-2011 - 2011 Arab Spring overthrows Military Republic
and demand a more democratic process (still
ongoing)
5- Arab Nationalism -
- The three major agreements that the British
government gave -
6A) The Hussein-McMahon Accord
- As for those regions lying within these
frontiers wherein Great Britain is free to actI
am empowered to give the following assurances - 1) Subject to the above modification, Great
Britain is prepared to recognize and support the
independence of the Arabs - in all the regions within the limits demanded by
the Sharif (Husayn) of Mecca. - 2) Great Britain will guarantee the Holy Places
against all external aggressionI am convinced
that this declaration will assure you beyond
doubt of the sympathy of Great Britain
7B) The Balfour Declaration
November 2nd, 1917 Dear Lord Rothschild, I have
much pleasure in conveying to you, on behalf of
His Majesty's Government, the following
declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist
aspirations which has been submitted to, and
approved by, the Cabinet. "His Majesty's
Government view with favour the establishment in
Palestine of a national home for the Jewish
people, and will use their best endeavours to
facilitate the achievement of this object, it
being clearly understood that nothing shall be
done which may prejudice the civil and religious
rights of existing non-Jewish communities in
Palestine, or the rights and political status
enjoyed by Jews in any other country." I should
be grateful if you would bring this declaration
to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation.
Yours sincerely, Arthur James Balfour
8But while the British made promises to both Arab
Nationalists and Jewish Nationalists.
9The British and French had already agreed to
carve out Ottoman territory for their own
national self-interest!!!
10- C) The Sykes-Picot Agreement 1916 (Mandates
established) - It is accordingly understood between the French
and British governments - That France and great Britain are prepared to
recognize and protect an independent Arab states
or a confederation of Arab states (a) and (b)
marked on the annexed map, under the suzerainty
of an Arab chief. That in area (a) France, and in
area (b) Great Britain, shall have priority of
right of enterprise and local loans. That in area
(a) France, and in area (b) great Britain, shall
alone supply advisers or foreign functionaries at
the request of the Arab state or confederation of
Arab states. - That in the blue area France, and in the red area
great Britain, shall be allowed to establish such
direct or indirect administration or control as
they desire and as they may think fit to arrange
with the Arab state or confederation of Arab
states. - That in the brown area there shall be established
an international administration, the form of
which is to be decided upon after consultation
with Russia, and subsequently in consultation
with the other allies, and the representatives of
the Sharif of Mecca.
11- That Great Britain has the right to build,
administer, and be sole owner of a railway
connecting Haifa with area (b), and shall have a
perpetual right to transport troops along such a
line at all times ..It shall be agreed that the
French government will at no time enter into any
negotiations for the cession of their rights and
will not cede such rights in the blue area to any
third power, except the Arab state or
confederation of Arab states, without the
previous agreement of his majesty's government,
who, on their part, will give a similar
undertaking to the French government regarding
the red area. - The British and French government, as the
protectors of the Arab state, shall agree that
they will not themselves acquire and will not
consent to a third power acquiring territorial
possessions in the Arabian peninsula, nor consent
to a third power installing a naval base either
on the east coast, or on the islands, of the red
sea. This, however, shall not prevent such
adjustment of the Aden frontier as may be
necessary in consequence of recent Turkish
aggression. - The negotiations with the Arabs as to the
boundaries of the Arab states shall be continued
through the same channel as heretofore on behalf
of the two powers.
12How the Sykes-Picot agreement redrew the map of
the Middle East
13And what was the American policy at this time?
14Woodrow Wilsons Fourteen Points, January 8, 1918
- It will be our wish and purpose that the
processes of peace, when they are begun, shall be
absolutely open and that they shall involve and
permit henceforth no secret understandings of any
kind. The day of conquest and aggrandizement is
gone by so is also the day of secret covenants
entered into in the interest of particular
governments and likely at some unlooked-for
moment to upset the peace of the world. - We entered this war because violations of right
had occurred which touched us to the quick and
made the life of our own people impossible unless
they were corrected and the world secure once for
all against their recurrence. What we demand in
this war, therefore, is nothing peculiar to
ourselves. It is that the world be made fit and
safe to live in and particularly that it be made
safe for every peace-loving nation which, like
our own, wishes to live its own life, determine
its own institutions, be assured of justice and
fair dealing by the other peoples of the world as
against force and selfish aggression. - I. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at,
after which there shall be no private
international understandings of any kind but
diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the
public view.
15- II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas,
outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in
war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or
in part by international action for the
enforcement of international covenants. - III. The removal, so far as possible, of all
economic barriers and the establishment of an
equality of trade conditions among all the
nations consenting to the peace and associating
themselves for its maintenance. - IV. Adequate guarantees given and taken that
national armaments will be reduced to the lowest
point consistent with domestic safety. - V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial
adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a
strict observance of the principle that in
determining all such questions of sovereignty the
interests of the populations concerned must have
equal weight with the equitable claims of the
government whose title is to be determined.
16- XII. The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman
Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty,
but the other nationalities which are now under
Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted
security of life and an absolutely unmolested
opportunity of autonomous development, and the
Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a
free passage to the ships and commerce of all
nations under international guarantees. - XIII. An independent Polish state should be
erected which should include the territories
inhabited by indisputably Polish populations,
which should be assured a free and secure access
to the sea, and whose political and economic
independence and territorial integrity should be
guaranteed by international covenant. - XIV. A general association of nations must be
formed under specific covenants for the purpose
of affording mutual guarantees of political
independence and territorial integrity to great
and small states alike.
17The King-Crane Commission Report, August 28, 1919
- US President Wilson proposed that a commission
should investigate the will of the inhabitants.
Originally, the British, French and Americans
were to send delegates, but both the French and
British withdrew their support. The French
withdrew because they understood that the
findings would be inimical to France. The British
withdrew because they did not want to antagonize
the French. The US sent two amateurs, Henry King,
the President of Oberlin College, and Charles
Crane, a Chicago-based businessman and
contributor to the Democratic party. Crane was
known as an eccentric. The result was a report
that threw kerosene on the fire of great power
rivalry. Middle East expert Gertrude Bell
denounced the report as a deception. The French
were enraged by what they viewed as British
manipulation of witness and testimony. The report
was not considered, and was not made public until
it was leaked several years later by isolationist
elements in the United States. Though Wilson had
announced that the United States had no
territorial ambitions, and charged the
commissioners with gathering facts only, the
report is replete with references to the
possibility of an American mandate in the Middle
East. - Though the major concern of the report was the
allocation of Syria to France, it has often been
cited because of testimony given by Arab
inhabitants of Palestine against the formation of
the British mandate. Almost all these delegations
advocated union with an independent Syria.
http//www.mideastweb.org
18T.E. Lawrences proposal for the reconstruction
of the Middle East
- The Imperial War Museum is to display for the
first time a newly-discovered map outlining TE
Lawrence's proposals for the reconstruction of
the Middle East at the end of the First World
War. These proposals, never before seen in such
detail, show that Lawrence opposed the allied
agreement, which eventually determined the
borders of Iraq as it is today. The document is
one of a number of previously unseen exhibits
featured in Lawrence of Arabia the life, the
legend, a major new exhibition at the Imperial
War Museum London about one of the most famous
British icons of the twentieth century. - The peace map, recently uncovered in The National
Archives, Kew, illustrates the proposals Lawrence
made to the Eastern Committee of the War Cabinet
in November 1918. - From the press anouncement of Imperial War
Museum's T.E. Lawrence exhibition, autumn 2005 -
spring 2006
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21Jewish Aliyah to Israel
- 1880s-1920s Jews from Russia begin to migrate in
large numbers, mostly to escape Pogroms (attacks
on Jewish communities). - Establish city of Tel Aviv (and inhabit mostly
Western sea coast area)and slowly become large
minority in Palestine Mandate - World Zionist Organization (Theodor Herzls
organization) purchases much land for inhabitants
to live on