BACTERIA

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BACTERIA
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Bacterial colony
Figure 4.1
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Bacteria are very small
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This is a pore in human skin and the yellow
spheres are bacteria
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Bacteria are very small compared to cells with
nuclei
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Bacteria compared to a white blood cell that is
going to eat it
Bacteria
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Evolution/Classification

• Most numerous on Earth
• Most Ancient
• Microscopic Prokaryotes
• Adapted to survive where no other organisms can.
• Grouped based on
• Structure, physiology, molecular
  composition,reaction to specific types of stain.
• Eubacteria Germs/bacteria
• Archaebacteria

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Kingdom Archaebacteria

• First discovered in extreme environments
• Methanogens Harvest energy by converting H2 and
  CO2 into methane gas
• Anaerobic, live in intestinal tracts
• Extreme halophiles Salt loving, live in Great
  Salt Lake, and Dead sea.
• Thermoacidophiles Live in acid environments and
  high temps.
• Hot Springs, volcanic vents

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Volcanic vents on the sea floor
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Chemosynthetic bacteria use the sulfur in the
smoke for energy to make ATP.
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Kingdom Eubacteria

• Can have one of three basic shapes

1. Bacilli rod-shaped
2. Spirilla spiral-shaped
3. Cocci sphere-shaped

Streptococci in chains
Staphylococci grape-like clusters
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Bacillus bacteria are rod shaped
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Coccus bacteria are sphere shaped
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Spirillium bacteria have a corkscrew shape
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BACTERIA PICS
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Diplo-bacteria occur in pairs, such as the
diplococcus bacteria that causes gonorrhea
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Staphylo - bacteria occur in clumps, such as this
staphylococcus bacteria that causes common
infections of cuts
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Strepto- bacteria occur in chains of bacteria,
such as this streptococcus bacteria that causes
some types of sore throats
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Spirillium bacteria
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Diplobacillus bacteria
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Streptococcus bacteria
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Staphylococcus bacteria
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The tip of a needle The red and yellow dots are
bacteria
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Gram Stain

• Gram-positive retain stain and appear purple
• Have thicker layer in cell wall.
• can produce exotoxins made of protein
• Gram-negative do not retain stain and take second
  pink stain instead.
• can produce endotoxins made of lipids and
  carbohydrates
• Watch it happen! http//youtu.be/aJpZzF3h3kc

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No Nucleus-DNA in Cytoplasm
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Nutrition and Growth

• Heterotrophic or Autotrophic
• Some are Photoautotrophs Use sunlight for
  Energy
• Some are Chemoautotrophs.
• Many are Obligate Anaerobes.
• Oxygen Death
• Ex. Clostridium tetani Tetanus
• Some are Faculatative Anaerobes
• With or without Oxygen
• Ex. Escherichia Coli
• Some are Obligate Aerobes
• Ex.) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Temperature requirements
• Some are Thermophilic, Some prefer acidic envmt.

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These heterotrophic bacteria digest oil --
remember oil is partially decayed plant and
animal cells
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BACTERIA REPRODUCES binary FISSION
First the chromosomal DNA makes a copy
The DNA replicates
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NEXT THE CYTOPLASM AND CELL DIVIDES
The two resulting cells are exactly the same
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In addition to the large chromosomal DNA,
bacteria have many small loops of DNA called
Plasmids
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CONJUGATION
Exchange DNA through Conjugation
tube/pilus http//youtu.be/EtxkcSGU698
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Transformation and Tranduction

• Transformation Bacterial cell takes in DNA from
  external environment
• http//youtu.be/eovTbQgan5M
• Transduction Virus obtains DNA from Bacterial
  host

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Examples
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Helicobacter pylori is the pathogenic
bacteria that can causes ulcers
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Leprosy is a bacterial infection that decreases
blood flow to the extremities resulting in the
deterioration of toes, ears, the nose and the
fingers.
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CHOLERA
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DENTAL CARIES
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ROCKY MOUNTAIN Spotted Fever tickborne disease
caused by the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsi
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LYME DISEASE
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SALMONELLA
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STREP THROAT
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TUBERCULOSIS
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BOTULISM