Southeast Asia, Oceania, and Australia

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Southeast Asia, Oceania, and Australia

• Coach Martinez

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Physical Geography of Southeast Asia,
Oceania, and Antarctica
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Southeast Asia

• Peninsulas and Islands
• Two peninsulas
• Indochinese Peninsula
• Large rectangular section of southeast Asia
• Malay Peninsula
• Serves as a bridge between the mainland and
  islands
• Most of the islands are found in archipelagos
• set of closely grouped islands which are
  sometimes curved in an arc
• The Philippines and the islands like Borneo are
  high points of submerged section of the Eurasian
  plate

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Mountains and Volcanoes

• Mainland Southeast Asia has several mountain
  ranges
• Annamese Cordillera
• Islands
• most mountains are volcanic
• High
• Islands
• Low
• Islands

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Rivers and Coastlines

• Mainland has several large rivers that run north
  through the valleys between mountain ranges
• Mekong River
• Flows from China to Vietnam
• River spreads out into fertile deltas
• Coastline is long and irregular so there are many
  ports

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Resources

• Fertile soil
• from volcanic activity
• flooding rivers
• Access to large numbers of fish
• Mineral resources petroleum, tin and gems

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Lands of the Pacific and Antarctica

• Pacific has an estimated 20,000 islands
• Oceanias many islands
• Erosion causes some islands in Oceania to vanish,
  while others are created by volcanic activity
• High islands
• islands created by volcanic actions
• Low islands
• islands made of coral reefs
• The islands of Oceania are not rich in resources

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Majestic New Zealand

• New Zealand is made up of two main islands
• North Island
• Very hilly and has a volcanic plateau
• Has fertile farmland and forest that supports the
  lumber industry, also has natural harbors for
  ports
• South Island
• Is very mountainous
• New Zealand has few mineral resources, but can
  make electricity using dams at fast moving rivers

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New Zealand
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Flat Australia

• Smallest and flattest continent on earth
• Main mountain range is the Great Dividing Range
  near the east coast
• To the west of the range is a vast expanse of
  plateaus
• Very few rivers in Australia
• Country is rich in minerals
• Great Barrier Reef- 1250 mile chain of 2500 reefs
  and islands

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Australia and Great Barrier Reef
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Icy Antarctica

• 5th largest continent
• Circular in shape, centered on the South Pole
• Topography is hidden by thick ice sheet
• The Transantarctic Mountains divide continent in
  two
• East Antarctica- plateau surrounded by mountains
  and valleys
• West Antarctica- group of separate islands linked
  by ice
• Resources
• Largest supply of fresh water in world
• May have coal, minerals, and petroleum
• 1991- 26 nations agreed not to mine Antarctica
  for 50 years

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Climate and Vegetation

• Most of Southeast Asia and Oceania is tropical
• Year-round rains
• Tropical wet
• High temperatures
• 100-200 inches of rain per year

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Wet and Dry Seasons

• Monsoons shape weather
• Dry monsoons bring less rain
• Wet monsoons bring lots of rain
• Hot temperatures
• Rainfall varies
• Tropical Plants
• Diverse plant species in Southeast Asia
• Oceania does not have diverse vegetation

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Moderate Climate

• Australia and New Zealand
• Hot summers, mild winters
• Northern Australia has a humid subtropical
  climate.
• Mild summers, cool winters
• Southern Australia and New Zealand has a marine
  west coast climate
• Mountains
• In Australia forces moisture-bearing winds to
  rise and shed their rain before moving inland
• Central Australia is desert.

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Hot and Cold Deserts

• Arid Australia
• 1/3 of Australia is desert in center of continent
• Semiarid climate surrounds desert and crops can
  graze there with irrigation
• Outback- unpopular inland region where few people
  live
• White Desert
• Antarctica
• Coldest and driest continent
• Receives little precipitation
• Only plants are lichens and mosses

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Human-Environment Interaction

• Traveling the Pacific
• Navigation Charts
• People who settled Pacific Islands most likely
  came from Southeast Asia
• Used land bridges and small rafts/canoes to
  travel the Pacific
• Relied on star navigation and also charts made
  out of sticks and shells
• Sticks showed the pattern of waves commonly found
  in a region
• Shells showed positions of islands

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Special Canoes

• Voyaging canoes
• double hulled canoes for voyaging, stable, and
  could carry lots of weight
• Also had sails and cabins
• Outrigger canoes
• used for lagoons
• has a frame with float extending from canoes for
  balance

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Invasion of the Rabbits

• Europeans brought rabbits to Australia.
• This almost ruined Australian landscape
• In 1859, Thomas Austin released 24 rabbits into
  Australia so he could hunt them
• A single pair of rabbits can have up to 184
  descendants in 18 months
• Rabbits have few natural enemies such as foxes in
  Australia
• By 1900, Australia had more than 1 billion
  rabbits
• Rabbits wiped out native plants and destroyed
  crops

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Control Measures

• Imported foxes to prey on rabbits
• Foxes caused almost as much damage as rabbits
• In 1900s, the government built a 2000 mile fence
  to keep rabbits from spreading to the Southwest
• This failed to control the population of rabbits
• In 1950s, the government infected the rabbits
  with a disease called myxomatosis.
• More than 90 of rabbits died
• Rabbits became immune to the disease and their
  numbers boomed again to 300 million by the 1990s
• Now trying poison, new diseases, erecting fences,
  and destroying the burrows where rabbits live

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Nuclear Testing

• Tests in Bikini Atoll
• After World War II the United States tested
  atomic weapons in the Pacific
• Bikini Atoll was the site of the U.S. atomic
  weapons tests
• In 1946, the government moved 167 islanders to
  another atoll and conducted two tests
• 1951- 1958, the U.S. government held about 60
  more tests
• Explosion of the Hydrogen bomb, Bravo, vaporized
  islands and contaminated area with radiation
• Long term effects
• Bikini Atoll may never be suitable for human life
  again

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Southeast Asia

• Human geography

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A long history of Diversity

• Early History
• China and India influenced ancient southeast Asia
• China ruled Vietnam from 111 BC to AD 939 and
  influenced their art, technology, ideas, etc.
• Hinduism and Buddhism spread through southeast
  Asia from India
• Early southeast Asias states had mandalas-
  states organized as rings of power around a
  central court
• Khmer Empire mandala that lasted from 9th to
  15th centuries

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Powerful States

• 1300s thru 1800, five powerful states existed
  that were similar to mandalas, but larger and
  more complex
• The Burmese, the Vietnamese, the Thai, and the
  Javanese began to shape their national identities

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Colonialism and its Aftermath

• Southeast Asia traded with merchants from Arabia
  and India who brought Islam to southeast Asia
• European Control
• When Europeans arrived in 1509, they just wanted
  to make money
• The regions wealth flowed from southeast Asia to
  Europe
• By 20th century , only Siam (Thailand) was not a
  colony
• Affects of colonization
• Europeans set up bureaucratic governments
• Forced them to make goods that were good for the
  European economy
• Included rubber, sugar, rice, tea, and coffee
• Colonialism sparked nationalism as southeast
  Asian states united to rebel against European rule

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Independence

• Japan occupied southeast Asia during World War II
  
• After the war, Southeast Asian countries sought
  independence.
• Indonesia fought to win independence from the
  Dutch
• Vietnam a French colony suffered decades of
  turmoil until they finally received their
  independence in 1954
• Vietnam war
• the U.S. became involved in keeping Communist
  North Vietnam from taking South Vietnam which
  ended in 1975.

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Vietnam War
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An uneven economy

• Traditional economies (farming)
• Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam
• Ex rice and teak (yellowish-brown wood)
  industries
• Lack of industry caused by
• Vietnam War destroyed factories and roads
• Thousands of refugees fled after the war
• Political turmoil in Cambodia and Myanmar

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Industry and Finance

• Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines,
  Singapore, and Thailand have more highly
  developed economies
• ASEAN
• Association of Southeast Asian Nations
• promotes economic growth
• Industries include
• processing agricultural products
• Textiles,
• Electronic products
• Finance
• Singapore is a center of finance

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A Rich Mosaic of Culture

• Religious Diversity
• Buddhism throughout Southeast Asia
• Philippines is Catholic
• Indonesia and Brunei are Muslim
• Some areas practice Hinduism and other
  traditional local beliefs

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Rich Artistic Legacy

• Angkor Wat
• ancient temple complex in Cambodia
• Buddhism and Hinduism have influenced the
  regions sculpture and architecture

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Changing Lifestyles

• Most Southeast Asians live in rural villages and
  follow traditional ways
• People live on wood houses built on stilts
• Roofs are usually made of thatch
• Most villages have Buddhist temples that serves
  as the center of social life
• Most villagers wear traditional clothing, such
  as longyi a long, tightly wrapped skirt worn in
  Southeast Asia

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The Cities

• Many people are moving to the cities such as
  Kuala Lumpur and Singapore
• In Southeast Asia, people mostly live in
  apartments
• Shortage of housing, some set up shacks

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Oceania

• A History of the Islands
• First Islanders
• Prehistoric people journeyed from mainland of
  southeast Asia to nearby Pacific islands using
  small rafts and canoes and land bridges that have
  since disappeared
• They migrated to as far as Hawaii, New Zealand,
  and Madagascar
• 3 regions of Oceania
• Micronesia- tiny islands
• Melanesia- black islands
• Polynesia- many islands

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Contact with the West

• In the 1500s Europeans like began exploring the
  Pacific
• In the 1800s Christian missionaries arrived
• Convert the natives to Christianity
• Hunted whales
• Started plantations
• Coconut, coffee, pineapples, and sugar
• Brought disease
• Western ways replaced traditional ways

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Recent History

• Suffered during the last half of the 20th century
• World War II was fought in the Pacific
• US fought Japan in fierce battles there to gain
  control of Pacific
• Some islands were used as nuclear test sites by
  the US and other countries
• Since 1962, 12 nations have gained independence

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Battles in the Pacific
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A Traditional Economy

• Most islands economies are based on subsistence
  activities.
• Agriculture
• Islands in the Pacific are not good for
  agriculture
• Grow bananas, sugar, cocoa, coffee and copra
  (dried meat of coconuts)
• Fishing
• Other economic Activities
• Tourism
• Good because it brings in money
• Bad because it threatens environment and
  traditional ways of life

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Culture of the Islands

• Language and Religion
• There over 1,100 different languages spoken in
  Oceania
• Papua New Guinea speak 823 languages
• Many Pacific Islanders speak European languages
• Spanish, English, French
• Christianity is most widely spread religion
• Some Pacific islanders still practice their
  traditional religions.

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Island Life

• Traditional Life
• In Polynesia most people lived in villages led by
  a chief
• Economies centered on fishing and farming
• Taro- crop with a starchy root that can be eaten
  boiled or made into breads, pudding or a paste
  called poi
• Polynesians were warlike
• Micronesians tended to exist peacefully and lived
  in extended families
• Polynesians fished and farmed
• In Melanesia, people lived on coast so they could
  fish

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Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica

• Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctic made up the
  last region to be explored by Europeans
• 1788, Great Britain founded Sydney, Australia as
  a penal colony (a place to send prisoners)
• Sydney is located on a deep, beautiful harbor
  that allows for a port and also provides an arena
  for sailing and swimming
• Mild climate
• Diverse population

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History Distant European Outposts

• The original inhabitants
• Australia
• Aboriginal people migrated to Australia from Asia
  40,000 years ago, made 500 groups, speaking 200
  languages
• Complex religious belief and social structures
  but simple economy based on hunting and gathering
• New Zealand
• Maori migrated from Polynesia more than 1000
  years ago

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Early Explorers

• Captain James Cook of Britain was the first to
  explore New Zealand in 1769 and Australia in 1770

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European Settlement

• Australia
• 1788 Britain colonized Australia
• Place for prisoners
• Pacific navel bases
• In Australia, Europeans had violent conflicts
  with native people and killed many and gave them
  deadly diseases
• New Zealand
• Colonized by hunter and whalers from Europe,
  America, and Australia
• Treaty of Waitangi
• Gave Britain control over New Zealand .
  Disagreement over treaty caused war between the
  Maori and British
• Tens of thousands of Maoris died from diseases
• Antarctica
• Was not colonized because of its cold climate
• Gold
• Discovered in 1851 in Australia and 1861 in New
  Zealand
• Hundreds of thousands of people moved here to
  strike it rich
• Most never left

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Modern Nations

• Both Australia and New Zealand are both
  independent but remain part of the British
  Commonwealth
• New Zealand became the first country to grant
  women the right to vote in 1893.
• Both countries are attempting to improve the
  lives of the Aboriginal people and Maori by
  returning their former lands.

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Antarctica

• Antarctica is unsettled
• 12 countries drafted treaty preserving continent
  for research
• In 2000, 18 countries have sent scientists there
  for research

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Economy Meat, Wool and Butter

• Agriculture
• Major exporter of farm products
• Butter, cheese, meat, and wool
• Ranching is big in New Zealand
• Sheep ranching in Australia

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Mining and Manufacturing

• Mining
• Australia- diamonds, lead, zinc, and opals,
  bauxite, coal, copper, gold and iron ore
• Mining in Australia is tough because most of the
  minerals are in the outback
• Manufacturing and Service
• Major industry in Australia and New Zealand is
  processing food products
• New Zealand- wood and paper industry
• Nearly 65 of Australias jobs are in the service
  industry

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Economic Future

• Nations want to diversify economy and not rely on
  Agriculture
• Hard to develop industry with nearby Asia with
  cheap labor costs

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Distinctive Culture

• Australias Culture
• Most Australians are of British descent but
  Australia has high rates of immigration
• 20 of Australians come from Greece, Italy and
  Southeast Asia
• Christianity is main religion
• English is main language
• Drink tea and play rugby
• 1 of people are
• Aboriginal people

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New Zealands Culture

• The majority of New Zealanders are of European,
  mostly British, descent.
• 15 of New Zealands people are Maori
• English and Maori are official languages
• Christianity is main religion

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Modern Life

• City and Country
• In both countries about 85 of people live in
  cities or towns
• Both countries are modern with good roads,
  sanitation, and infrastructure
• In Australia, many wealthy ranchers own private
  airplanes to keep them cross country
• Recreation
• Good climate for outdoor activities

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Southeast Asia, Oceania, Australia and Antarctica

• Todays issues

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Aboriginal Land Claims

• In 1976, the Australian government denied claims
  of Aboriginal people for their land back
• In protest Aboriginal people erected a tent on
  the lawn of Old Parliament House in the
  Australian capital to symbolize how they were
  foreigners in their own land
• Australian government tried to get rid of it but
  couldnt

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Aboriginal People Lose Land

• Aboriginal people were hunters and gatherers so
  they depended on nature completely
• British policy
• Since they didnt farm, mine, or build on land,
  the British felt they had no claims to the land.
  British called it Terra Nullius Latin for empty
  land
• So British decided they could take the land away
  from the Aboriginal people

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Stolen Land and Stolen Children

• Stolen Land
• Europeans began to settle Australia in 1788 and
  chose most fertile land
• Aboriginal people fought back but were defeated
• Some Aboriginal people got put on reservations
• Some blended into European ways of life
• Stolen Children
• Between 1909 and 1969, the Australian government
  took about 100,000 Aboriginal children and gave
  them to white families
• Assimilation- minority adopts majoritys culture
• Aboriginal people call those children the Stolen
  generation
• Many Aboriginal people are fighting assimilation
  by passing their culture on to their children

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Land Claims

• Aboriginal people were not recognized as full
  citizens until 1967
• Land Rights Act of 1976
• Gave Aboriginal people the right to claim land in
  taken away from them in the Northern Territory
• The Mabo Case
• In 1992 the courts ruled that Aboriginal people
  had owned land before the British arrived
• The Wik Case
• In 1996 the courts ruled that Aboriginal people
  could claim land owned by the government and used
  as pastoral lease
• Many white ranchers feared that their way of life
  was threatened (ranching)by this and sued
• Issue is still not resolved today.

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Industrial Sparks Change

• For many people struggling to escape poverty, any
  job, even one with long hours, low pay, and abuse
  is better than none
• Moving to find Jobs
• Across southeast Asia, people are moving from
  farms to cities to work in factories
• They may work 16 hours a day, 7 days a week
• Industrialization (growth of industry) has caused
  cities to grow

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Push Factors

• Push Factors in East Asia
• Lost resources
• soil erosion
• Deforestation
• water overuse
• Scarcity of land
• 60 of rural families dont have enough land to
  earn a living by farming
• Population growth
• as population grows , land shortage became worse

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Pull Factors

• Pull Factors in East Asia
• Industry
• find a job in a factory
• Education
• Government services
• Impact on cities
• Low availability of housing
• More pollution, traffic has increased
• Disposal of human waste is a problem no sewage
  treatment facilities

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Other Results of Industrialization

• Economic Effects
• Rapid industrial growth since the 1960s
• Increase in trade and exports
• Higher income for some citizens, income gap is
  expanding
• Social unrest and crime
• Environmental Effects
• Factories can pollute the air by burning fossil
  fuels, carelessly disposing of toxic materials
• Industry has harmed the environment by using up
  valuable resources such as water and trees