Sustainable Cities: Urban Land Use and Management

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Sustainable Cities Urban Land Use and Management

• Chapter 26Miller 11th Edition

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Definitions

• Urban (metropolitan) area town plus its suburbs
• City large number of people with a variety of
  professions who depend on resources from the
  outside of city boundary
• Rural area an area with a population less than
  2,500 people
• Village group of rural households liked by
  custom, culture,family ties. Historical
  utilization of natural resources

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Urbanization Urban growth

• Degree of urbanization is percentage of
  population living in area of greater than 2,500
  people
• Urban growth due to
• natural increase - births
• immigration - poor are pulled to urban areas or
  are pushed from rural areas
• Trends of urban growth
• Increase of 2 to 45 of people in urban areas
  since 1950
• By 2050 about 66 of the worlds people will be
  living in urban areas.

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Urbanization Urban growth

• The number of large cities is mushrooming
• megacities and megalopolis
• Today, more than 400 cities have over 1 mil. or
  more people. 19 megacities with over 10 mil.
  People i.e.Tokyo (28 mil), Mexico City (18 mil),
  New York (17 mil).
• Most of growth in developing countries will be
  urban growth with all of its problems
• 38 of the people in live in cities. But by 2025
  it will be 54. Many of these cities are already
  short on water, have waste pollution problems.

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Urbanization Urban Growth

• Urban growth is slower in developed countries
• 75 of the people live in cities. But by 2025 it
  will be 82.
• Poverty is becoming increasingly urbanized
• slums, squatter settlements and shantytowns
• at least 1 billion people live in crowed slums of
  inner cities. No access to water, sewer,
  electricity, education etc. 100 mil people are
  homeless sleep on the streets
• Case study - Mexico City

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Mexico City

• The worlds second largest city with 18 million
  people or one in five Mexicans
• severe air pollution (over 4 million cars) within
  a valley that causes an estimated 100,000
  premature deaths/year
• high unemployment rate, close to 50
• high crime rate
• over one-third (6 million) of its residents live
  in slums (barrios) without running water, sewer
  (but running sewage), or electricity
• high infection rates i.e. salmonella, hepatitis

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United States Urbanization

• Migration to large central cities
• Migration from cities to suburbs
• Migration from north east to south west
• Urban sprawl, growth of low-density development
  on the edge of cities. Encouraged by
• - availability of cheap land, (forests,
  agriculture fields etc.).
• - government loans guarantees for new
  single-family homes
• - government state funding of highways
• - low-cost gasoline encourage car use
• - low interest mortgage

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Major Spatial Patterns

• Concentric Circle City such as New York
• Sector City is the large urban area extending
  from San Frdancisco to San Jose, CA
• Multiple Nuclei City is Los Angeles
• Megalopolis is when separate cities join such as
  the Bowash

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Concentric Circle Model

• Central business district (CBD)
• Deteriorating transition zone
• Workers homes
• Middle-class suburbs
• Commuter's zone

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Sector Model

• High-rent residential
• Intermediate-rent residential
• Low-rent residential
• Education and recreation
• Transportation
• Industrial
• Core (CBD)

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Multiple-Nuclei Model

1. CBD
2. Wholesale, light manufacturing
3. Low-rent residential
4. Intermediate-rent residential
5. High-rent residential
6. Heavy manufacturing
7. Outlying business district
8. Residential Suburb
9. Industrial Suburb

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Major Urban Problems in U.S.

• Deteriorating services
• Aging infrastructures
• Budget crunches from lost tax revenues as
  businesses and affluent people leave
• Rising poverty with violence, drugs, decay
• Urban sprawl - growth of low-density development
  on edges of cities and towns
• 9 consequences of bad growth

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75 of the US population live in urban areas
occupying 3 of the countrys land area
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Urban Resources Environmental Problems

• 45 of people living in 5 of land cities
  consume 75 of the worlds resources
• Urban areas depend upon imports
• Benefits of urbanization
• recycling more economically feasible
• decreased birth rates reduces environmental
  pressures
• per capita expenditures on environmental
  protection high in urban areas
• population concentration impacts biodiversity less

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Urban Resource and Environmental Problems

• Destruction of plant life - what is value?
• Cities produce little of own food
• Urban heat island effect --gt dust dome
• 5 ways to counteract this effect
• Water supply and flooding problems
• 5 ways to reduce demand on reservoirs and waste
  treatment systems
• High pollution exposure

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• The enormous amount of heat generated creates an
  urban heat island
• Additional heat changes climate of surrounding
  area

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Urban Resource Environmental Problems

• Excessive noise exposure ? health effects
• Hearing loss, hypertension, muscle tension,
  migraines, headaches, higher cholesterol levels,
  gastric ulcers, irritability, insomnia,
  psychological disorders, aggression

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Urban Resource Environmental Problems

• Beneficial effects
• education
• social services
• medical care
• Harmful effects
• infectious disease spread
• high density population
• inadequate drinking and sewage system
• physical injuries
• pollution exposure
• Urban Sprawl

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Impacts of Urban Sprawl
Water
Land and Biodiversity
Human Health and Aesthetics
Increased runoff Increased surface water
groundwater pollution Increased use of surface
water groundwater Decreased storage
of Surface water groundwater Increased
flooding Decreased natural Sewage treatment
Loss of cropland Loss of forests
grasslands Loss of wetlands Loss
fragmentation of wildlife habitats Increased
wildlife road kill Increased soil erosion
Contaminated drinking water air Noise
pollution Sky illumination at night Traffic
congestion
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Impacts of Urban Sprawl
Energy, Air, and Climate Increased energy
use and waste Increased air pollution Increased
greenhouse gas Emissions Enhanced global
warming Warmer microclimate (heat island effect)
Economic Effects Higher taxes Decline of
downtown business districts Increased
unemployment in central city Loss of tax base in
central city
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Transportation and Urban Development

• Determines where people live, where they go to
  work and buy stuff, how much land is paved and
  exposure to air pollution
• Cities grow up if they cant grow out more prone
  to use mass transit
• Urban sprawl due to cheap gas and land and
  highways dispersed car-centered cities use 10x
  more energy

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Motor vehicle concentration

• Ground transportation individual (cars, etc) and
  mass (buses and rail)
• U.S. has 35 of cars and trucks used for 98 of
  all urban transportation
• Motor scooters - effort to change to electric
• Riding bicycles
• less pollution and
• dangerous and more
• efficient than
• walking
• bicycles available
• for public use
• bike and ride
• systems

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Pros and Cons of Mass transit

• 3 mass transit use in U.S. to 47 in Japan
• 20 gasoline tax revenues to mass transit
• Rapid rail, suburban trains and trolley -
  efficient at high population density
• High speed rail lines replace planes, buses and
  private cars but require large government
  subsidies
• Bus systems more flexible than rail systems but
  efficient when full