Medieval Europe

1
Medieval Europe
2
Recap over empires
Egypt
Greece
Rome
Holy Roman Empire (west)
The Church
Eastern Roman Empire
3
The Church
When the Roman Catholic Church first ordained
popes, they were good, pious, hard-working men.
Over time, like civilizations, those religious
leaders became corrupt and abused their power.
During the Middle Ages, the church grew in
strength, then abused that power. It wouldnt be
until later that the Roman Catholic Church
cleaned up some its more twisted members.
4
The Role of the Church

• Remember that in the Roman Empire (old),
  Christianity became accepted.
• When they split the Roman Empire (old), they
  split the church too.
• There was a ranking system among the clergy

POPE from the Latin word papa, meaning father
Archbishop
Archbishop
Bishop of a Diocese
Bishop of a Diocese
Bishop of a Diocese
Bishop of a Diocese
Priest of a Parish
Priest of a Parish
Priest of a Parish
Priest of a Parish
Priest of a Parish
Priest of a Parish
Priest of a Parish
Priest of a Parish
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Some history of the Church

• The bishop of Rome claimed he was the leader of
  the church because Jesus gave Peter the keys to
  Heaven. Peter was considered the chief apostle
  and the first bishop of Rome. Later, the bishops
  that succeeded him were called Popes.
• People couldnt agree on how much power the Pope
  had.

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• Gregory I strengthened the power of the papacy.
  He took over Rome and the surrounding areas and
  converted people via the monastic movement.
• Monasticism the practice of living the life of
  a monk (a man who separates himself from the
  world to get closer to God) by emphasizing prayer
  and physical labor. Jobs available to monks
  heroes of Christian civilization, social workers,
  teachers of centers of learning, and missionary
  work.
• Women who lived the same kind of life were called
  nuns.

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The Split

• In the early 11th century, problems grew between
  the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman
  Catholic Church. The Eastern Church would not
  accept the pope because he was in Rome, not out
  west. In 1054 Pope Leo IX (of Rome) and
  Patriarch Michael Cerularius (of Constantinople)
  excommunicated each
• other. This caused a
• schism between the two
• branches.

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Papal Monarchy

• Since the popes had control over the Papal
  States, they were involved in politics. The
  Church became increasingly involved in the feudal
  system. Bishops saw their offices as presents
  from the nobles and therefore cared little about
  spiritual duties.
• By the eleventh century Church leaders realized
  the need to be free from the interference of
  lords when choosing clergy. Pope Gregory VII
  decided to fight the practice of lay
  investiture
• New clergy were given a ring and a staff as
  symbols of authority. Secular officials began
  granting this investiture. Pope Gregory VII
  wanted to stop this. Only then could the Church
  regain its freedom, the sole right to appoint
  clergy and run its own affairs. If secular
  rulers wouldnt accept this, then the pope would
  remove them. Gregory VII believed the popes
  authority extended over all rulers.

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• Gregory VII fought with Henry IV over lay
  investiture. Gregory VII stated forbiddance.
  This became known as the Investiture Controversy
• In 1122, the Concordat of Worms was agreed upon.
  Church officials first elected the German bishop.
  The bishop would then pay respects to the king.
  The king would then invest that bishop with the
  symbols of earthly office. A representative of
  the pope then invested the bishop with symbols of
  his spiritual office.
• The twelfth-century popes were most interested in
  strengthening their papal power. The Catholic
  Church reached the height of its political power
  during the papacy of Pope Innocent III.
• He believed the pope was the supreme judge and
  ruler of European affairs.
• He loved to use the interdict. When people lost
  the comforts of religion, they would apply
  pressure on their ruler to do whatever it was
  that the pope wanted.

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New Religious Orders

• A wave of religious enthusiasm seized Europe in
  the first half of the twelfth century and led to
  a spectacular growth in the number of monasteries
  and new orders.
• Cistercians founded by a group of disgruntled
  Benedictine monks, 1098. Strict and active.
• Women joined in record numbers as nuns.
• 1200s -
• Franciscans founded by Saint Francis of Assisi.
  Goal was to abandon material pursuits and preach
  poverty. Simplicity, joy, and love attracted
  followers. They rejected all property and lived
  by working and begging by food.
• Dominicans founded by Dominic de Guzman to defend
  Church teachings from heresy by living in poverty
  and preaching effectively.
• Inquisition was used to deal with heretics.
  Confessors were flogged. After 1252, those who
  didnt confess were tortured. For these people,
  using force to save souls was the right thing to
  do because heresy was a crime against God, and
  peoples salvation hung in the balance.

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Popular religion

• Sacraments were important because it was the
  means to receive Gods grace. Since clergy were
  the only ones who could give it, that made people
  dependent on them.
• Saints were important because they held a special
  place in heaven and you could ask favors of them.
• Relics were important and were worshipped because
  it was believed that they offered a connection
  between the earthly world and God.
• It was believed that pilgrimages to a holy shrine
  produced spiritual benefits. Jerusalem was the
  greatest site, Rome had relics of Saints Peter
  and Paul, and the Spanish town of Santiago de
  Compostela where the Apostle James is supposedly
  buried, are all important.

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The Decline of the Church

• The Roman Catholic popes reached the height of
  their power in the 1200s, but then they faced
  problems.
• Kings grew unwilling to accept the papal claims
  of supremacy. King Philip IV claimed he could
  tax the clergy. Pope Boniface VIII said the
  clergy needed his permission, so the king had him
  arrested. The pope escapes, but dies. So King
  Philip gets a Frenchman, Clement V, elected pope.
• Popes lost prestige due to Clement living in
  France and the splendor in which he lived.
• Splitting the papacy wasnt smart. At risk for
  their lives, Rome chose a Italian pope, but
  France refused him and chose their own. This
  divided Europe politically, and ruined peoples
  faith in the papacy
• These crisis in the catholic Church led to
  cries for an end to the clergys corruption and
  the papacys excessive power. By the early
  1400s, the Church had lost much of its
  political and spiritual power.

13
Recap over government
Hammurabis Code, the first written law, talked
about an eye for an eye.
In Greece, they let everyone vote in a democracy.
In Rome (a republic), they chose representatives
to choose the leader. Dont forget the Law of
Nations.
Thanks to invaders, and several governments that
apparently didnt work, single strong rulers took
power. The new government is called feudalism.
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Rulers and Leaders of Western Europe
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The Germans

• Remember the Visigoths that attacked Rome when it
  fell? Well, Visigoths were German, and the
  Germans took power.
• The longest lasting German kingdom was the
  Franks, ruled by Clovis he converted to
  Christianity due to a plea with Jesus
• Culture
• Germans and Romans intermarried
• Extended families (unlike American Roman laws,
  crimes were personal instead of against the
  state) allowed for blood feuds
• Wergild wrongdoes pays injured partys family
  to avoid feud
• Ordeal physical act to determine guilt the
  gods wouldnt let an innocent person be hurt

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• Charles the Great/ Charlemagne supported
  learning. His prompting renewed interest in
  Latin culture and classical works of
  Greece and Rome. Benedictine monks
  copied Christian and classical Latin
  manuscripts throughout the Middle Ages.

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• Charles the Great/ Charlemagne expanded the
  Frankish kingdom and administered the missi
  dominici to make sure people followed his orders.

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• He was crowned emperor of the Romans. This
  testifies to the enduring nature of the idea of
  the Roman Empire. The coronation also symbolized
  the coming together of the Roman, Christian, and
  Germanic elements that forged European
• civilization. The spiritual
• leader of western
• Christendom the pope
• had crowned a Germanic
• king Roman emperor.

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The French

• What we know as France today was carved out of
  Frankish (Germany) and English lands.
• Hugh Capet was the first French king, but his
  power included only the area around Paris.
• The French monarchys power grew under King
  Philip II Augustus because he took lands away
  from England (increase of income and power).
• Philip the Fair expanded the bureaucracy, began
  the first French parliament by meeting with
  representatives of the three classes (estates).

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Germany France Italy Holy Roman Empire??

• Frederick I considered Italy the center of a
  holy empire, hence the name Holy Roman Empire.
  He tried to rule both German and Italian lands,
  but Italian cities and the pope unified against
  him.
• The struggle between popes and emperors had
  profound effects on the Holy Roman Empire. With
  the emperor gone to war, the German nobles
  created many independent states the German
  monarch could not maintain a strong monarchy
• The French philosopher Voltaire observed
  ironically that the Holy Roman Empire was not
  holy, Roman, or an empire. What do you think he
  meant?

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Rulers and Leaders of Eastern Europe
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Eastern Europe the Slavs
Western (Roman Catholic) Southern (linked to Byzantine state) Eastern
Polish kingdom (Slavs) Croats Roman Catholic Church Ukraine
Bohemia kingdom (Czech) Serbs Eastern Orthodox Russia
Hungary Bulgarians Eastern Orthodox
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Russia

• Vikings arrived for plunder and trade
• Viking leader Oleg created Kiev and as it grew,
  it attracted people.
• The Vikings called the native people Rus thats
  where we got the name Russia.

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So heres a song. What does it have to do with
this unit?
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Immigrant SongWritten by Jimmy Page and Robert
Plant Performed by Led Zepplin

• Ah, ah
• We come from the land of the ice and snow,
• from the midnight sun where the hot springs
  blow.
• The hammer of the gods
• Will drive our ships to new lands,
• To fight the horde, singing and crying
• Valhalla, I am coming!
• On we sweep with threshing oar,
• Our only goal will be the western shore.
• Ah, ah
• We come from the land of the ice and snow,
• from the midnight sun where the hot springs
  blow.
• How soft your fields so green,
• Can whisper tales of gore,
• Of how we calmed the tides of war.
• We are your overlords.
• On we sweep with threshing oar,
• Our only goal will be the western shore.
• So now youd better stop and rebuild all your
  ruins,

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• Kiev attracted Byzantine missionaries and the
  ruler Vladimir accepted Eastern Orthodox
  Christianity for himself and his people in 988.
• Kiev fell in 1169 due to civil wars and
  invasions. Mongols conquered Russia, and
  required the princes to pay tribute.

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Justinian

• Became emperor of the Eastern Roman
• Empire in 527, even though he wanted
• to restore the full Roman Empire.
• His most important contribution was his
• codification of Roman law in the Body
• of Civil Law. It became the basis for
• much of the legal system of Europe.
• He rebuilt Constantinople in 532 after riots had
  destroyed most of the city. It was the
  largest city in Europe during the Middle
  Ages and was the chief center for
  trading goods. He also built the Hagia
  Sophia.

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• Justinians conquests left the Eastern Roman
  Empire in serious trouble
• Too much territory far from Constantinople
• An empty treasury
• Population decline (plague)
• Renewed threats along frontier
• Islam (unified attack force)
• Justinians empire was stripped down, and the
  eastern Balkans and Asia Minor that was left was
  called the Byzantine Empire

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Byzantine Empire

• The empire expanded due to the trade of its
  leaders, the Macedonians.
• The empire fell due to incompetent successors,
  internal struggles, the schism between the
  Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic
  Church, and external threats.
• The Seljuk Turks
• defeated Byzantine
• forces, and Emperor
• Alexius I turned to
• Europe for help, causing
• the Crusades.

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The Crusades

• From 1000-1200, European Christians went on a
  series of military campaigns (we call them the
  Crusades) to regain the Holy Land from the
  Muslims.
• They started when Pope Urban II agree to Alexius
  Is request to help against the Turks (Muslims).
• The pope agreed because it would provide papal
  leadership.
• At the council of Clermont in 1095, Pope Urban II
  urged Christians to take up arms in a holy war.
• Fighters joined because
• 1) some were moved by the cause
• 2) others were moved by adventure
• 3) the prospect of fighting
• 4) the opportunity to gain territory, riches, or
  even a title.

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(No Transcript)
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• The First Crusade - An army of several thousand
  cavalry and 10,000 infantry took Jerusalem in
  1099, massacring thousands. Four Latin crusader
  states were formed, and
• were surrounded by
• Muslims. These
• kingdoms depended
• on supplies from
• Europe to survive.
• That means Christians
• won.

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• The Second Crusade By the 1140s, the Muslims
  began to strike back. A Latin state fell, and
  Saint Bernard of Clairvaux got King Louis VII
  (France) and Emperor Conrad III (Germany) to help
  in the Second Crusade. They failed miserably.

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• The Third Crusade In 1187, Jerusalem fell to
  the Muslims under Saladin, prompting the Third
  Crusade. Three Christian rulers wanted to help
  out Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany,
  Richard I of England, and Philip II Augustus
  of France. Frederick drowned, Philip went
  home and Richard negotiated an
  agreement. They did not win, but pilgrims
  were allowed access to Jerusalem.

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• The Fourth Crusade in 1199, Pope Innocent III
  started another crusade. Venetian leaders used
  this situation to weaken their largest
  competitor, the Byzantine Empire, concerning
  trade. They sacked Constantinople in 1204. The
  Byzantine army recaptured the city in 1261, but
  it was never a superpower again. The Ottoman
  Turks then conquer the area in 1453.

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• The two children crusades started in 1212 when
  thousands of German children petitioned the pope
  to lead them to the Holy Land. The pope sent
  them home. Twenty thousand French children
  sailed to the Holy Land about the same time. Two
  ships went down at sea, and the remainder were
  sold into slavery in Africa.

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• People disagree on the effects of the Crusades
• They benefitted some Italian cities economically,
  but then again, it should have happened anyway.
• It was the first widespread European attacks on
  the Jews.
• Politically, it helped break down feudalism.

38
Castles

• Battle of Hastings - 1066. France (William of
  Normandy) invades England, and England lost.
  With this win, came the improvement of castles
  and the dominance of France and their more
  sophisticated governments
• http//fc.burlesonisd.net/hwillson/

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The Hundred Years War

• In addition to economic crises, plague, and the
  decline of the Church, political instability was
  also a problem.
• Remember that England still held a little of
  continental France. King Philip VI of France
  wanted it back, King Edward III of England didnt
  agree, so war was declared in 1337 till 1453.

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• The war began as an explosion of knightly
  enthusiasm. (the guys on horses) It was a
  turning point in warfare though because peasant
  foot soldiers won the chief battles.
• English foot soldiers were armed not only with
  pikes, but the longbow, which replaced the
  crossbow. It went farther, faster, and more
  accurately.
• The cannon was made possible by the invention of
  gunpowder.

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• English dominance first major battle at Crecy in
  1346 won by English archers. Henry V was eager
  to push forward. In 1415 at the Battle of
  Agincourt, England won.
• French king Charles was convinced that Joan of
  Arc was deeply religious and had visions from
  saints demanding she free France. Inspired by
  Joan, France captured Orleans. She was captured
  in 1430 and was tried in the
  Inquisition for witchcraft. She was
  condemned as a heretic and executed. She
  still inspired
• France, which defeated
• England at Normandy and Aquitaine and
  won the war
• in 1453.

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Political Recovery

• The 1300s European monarchies experienced many
  difficulties over succession and finances. The
  1400s saw a recovery of the centralized power of
  monarchies, however. Some historians refer to
  these reestablished states as the new monarchies.
  This term applies especially to France, England,
  and Spain.

43
France

• France was weak after the Hundred Years war. The
  kings used the new national feeling to
  reestablish royal power.
• King Louis XI increased the use
• of taille an annual tax on
• property or land

44
England

• The Hundred Years War
• strained Englands economy.
• War of Roses broke out
• nobles tried to control the monarchy unit 1485,
  when Henry Tudor (Henry VII) established a new
  dynasty.
• Henry VII abolished the nobles private armies,
  and did not overtax the nobles or middle class.

45
Spain

• Muslims had conquered much of Spain by 725, even
  though many Christian rulers had tried to win it
  back.
• When Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of
  Aragon in 1469, it was a big step towards
  unifying power in Spain.
• They adopted Catholicism,
• and in 1492, expelled all
• Jews from Spain. Muslims
• were encouraged to con-
• vert to Catholicism. Within
• a few years, they too were
• expelled.

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other

• The Holy Roman Empire did not develop a strong
  monarchical authority. After 1438, the Hapsburg
  dynasty held the position of Holy Roman emperor.
  By the mid-1400s century, these wealthy rulers
  were playing an important role in Europe.
• Religious differences made it hard for rulers in
  eastern Europe to unify their states. In Poland,
  the nobles established the right to elect their
  king, which weakened the monarchy.
• Gradually the princes of Moscow gained power from
  the Mongols. The great prince Ivan III
  established a new Russian state. By 1480, he had
  thrown off the yoke of the Mongols.

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Society and Culture
48
The Manorial System (social classes)

• Lords owned manors and had legal rights over
  serfs (their permission was needed to marry or
  leave the manor, as well as try serfs in home
  courts).
• Vassals owed their military allegiance to their
  lord in the hope of receiving land gifts.
• Serfs (about 60 of the population) were legally
  bound to the land. They would work the lords
  share and their own share. They also had to pay
  to use pasture lands, fishing ponds and to grind
  ones grain. Serfs were not slaves their land
  could not be taken away, and the lord was obliged
  to protect his serfs

King/Pope
lords
Vassals knights
Serfs peasants
Compare the feudal manor to the plantation of the
antebellum South in the United States.
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Daily Life - farm

• Little privacy
• Small homes
• Life work were
• decided by the season.
• Catholic feast days
• broke up work.
• Church was crucial.
• Women worked the fields, had children and managed
  the household.
• Diet included dark breads, vegetables, and meat
  only on feast days. They drank ale.
• What do you think is the most fundamental
  difference between life for the medieval peasant
  and life for the small farmer in the United
  States?

50
Agriculture

• The number of people almost doubled in Europe
  between 1000 and 1300 because of increased
  stability and peace enabling increased food
  production.
• Food production increased because of a climate
  change and more land was cleared for cultivation.
  Europe had more farmland in 1200 than it does
  today. Technological changes like water and wind
  power, iron use in axes, hoes, and hammers
  helped. The wheeled plow pulled by animals was
  invented, along with the horseshoe. The use of a
  three-field system of crop rotation helped as
  well.

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Universities

• The modern-day university is a product of the
  High Middle Ages. The word university comes from
  the Latin universitas, meaning corporation or
  guild. Medieval universities were guilds that
  produced educated and trained individuals.
• First university Bologna, Italy
• First university in Northern Europe University
  of Paris. Students left this school though, and
  founded Oxford, in England.
• Over 80 universities by 1500
• Taught the traditional liberal arts
• through lecture no written exams
• Women did not attend

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Scholasticism

• Theology was the most highly regarded subject at
  medieval universities.
• Scholasticism - a philosophical theological
  system. To harmonize Christian teachings with
  Greek philosophy
• Greek philosophical ideas of Aristotle (brought
  by Muslim and Jewish scholars)
• Saint Thomas Aquinas combined the
• knowledge through Scripture with the
• knowledge through reason and experience.
• His method of investigation first posed a
• question, then cited sources offering
• opposing opinions and then reconciling
• them and arriving at his own conclusions.

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Literature

• Latin was the universal language
• By 1100, vernacular writings appeared
  especially Spanish or English
• Most popular poetry, chanson de geste (heroic
  epic describing battles and political contests)

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Architecture

• - Originally churches built in Romanesque style,
  but later in Gothic style
• Romanesque stone Roofs, massive pillars, Little
  windows, dark, arched windows doors

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Gothic replaced barrel vault with ribbed vaults
and pointed arches allowing more height flying
buttress supported the stone, allowing bigger
windows with stained glass
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Daily Life - city

• Houses were close to each other with narrow
  streets. Fire was a great danger.
• In general, the environment was unpleasant
• There were baths (like from Rome), but they were
  closed due to the plagues of the 1300s.
• There were more men than women.
• Cities became important manufacturing centers.
• Guilds arose. They set quality standards,
  specified methods of production and fixed the
  prices on goods.
• A person who wanted to learn a trade first became
  an apprentice at about age 10. They received
  room and board but no pay. After about 5-7
  years, apprentices became journeymen and could be
  paid. To eventually become a master, a
  journeymen had to produce a masterpiece and that
  piece was also their ticket into the guild.

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Cities

• Trade led to the revival of cities. Merchants
  began to settle in the old Roman cities.
  Artisans followed.
• New cities and towns were also founded.
  Merchants built near a castle for trade and the
  lords protection. Walls were built for
  protection. Cities were small.
• The merchants and artisans of these cities later
  came to be called the bourgeoisie.
• Towns were tied to lords, and the lords wanted to
  treat the townspeople as serfs, but that didnt
  go over. Cities eventually develop their own
  governments where patricians usually ruled.

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Trade

• From 1000 to 1100, trade was revived due to fairs
  held six times a year, and with it, the growth of
  cities became apparent.
• In Italy, there was Venice. Venice traded mostly
  in the Mediterranean.
• Farther north, Flanders traded woolen cloth in
  northern Europe
• Demand for gold and silver rose. A money economy
  arose to replace the pervious barter economy.
  New practices of trading companies and banks
  allowed for commercial capitalism an economic
  system in which people invest in trade and goods
  to make profit.
• Dont forget about the Silk Road

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Bubonic Plague

• Fleas, riding on rats and other furry animals,
  traveled from China, along the Silk Road, to
  Europe.
• 1347-1351

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• Many people believed the plague was a punishment
  sent by God for their sins or was caused by the
  devil.
• The plague led to an outbreak of anti-Semitism,
  with persecution being the worst in Germany.
• Some people thought
• the plague was caused
• by Jews poisoning their
• towns wells. So Jews
• fled to Poland, where
• the king protected them.

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• The death of so many people had strong economic
  consequences
• Trade declined (not as many people to buy)
• Price of labor rose (shortage of workers)
• Lowered demand of food (falling prices)
• Landlords paid more for labor than they took in
  from rent. So serfs and peasants bargained to
  pay rent instead of owing services. This change
  in effect freed them from serfdom, which had been
  declining throughout the High Middle Ages.

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988- Vladimir accepts Eastern Orthodox
Christianity for himself and his people.
590-604 Pope Gregory I strengthens the power of
the papacy.
527 Justinian becomes emperor of Eastern Roman
Empire
800-900 feudalism emerges lasts for 400 years
200s Germanic people move into Roman territory
987- Capet, the first French king
500-1000 Early Middle Ages
1867- Macedonians begin ruling Byzantine Empire
532- Constantinople rebuilt by Justinian
911 Vikings given Normandy by Frankish ruler
725 Muslims conquered most of Spain
By 500, the Western Roman Empire was ruled by
German kings. Also, Clovis converts to
Christianity.
Mid 800s Vikings began to settle areas of Europe
768-814 Charlemagne rules
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1180-1223 Philip II Augustus empowers Fr
1453- end of the Byzantine Empire Ottoman Turks
conquer Byzantine Empire
1169- Kiev, the 1st Russian state, falls
1337-1453 Hundred Years War
1066 Battle of Hastings
1305-1377 The Pope lives in Avignon, France.
1095- Pope Urban II urges Christians to take up
arms in a holy war
1492 Jews expelled from Spain
1400s the Church has lost most of its power
1054- Pope Leo IX Patriarch Cerularius
excommunicate each other
1187- Jerusalem falls to the Muslims, Second
Crusade
1000-1300 High Middle Ages
1215 Magna Carta signed by King John
1000-1200 the Crusades 1000-1300 population
doubles
1485 Tudor Dynasty begins
1122- Concordant of Worms
1429 Joan of Arc helps France
1347-1351 Black Death
1212- the Childrens Crusade
1154-1189 Henry II increases power of monarchy
sets up jury
1378-1417 Europe split between the popes of Rome
and Avignon.
1081- the end of Macedonian rule of Byzantine
Empire
1204- Constantinople sacked
1099- Christians win Jerusalem in the First
Crusade
1199- Pope Innocent III starts 4th Crusade
1300s- Public baths close due to plague.