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Title: U.S.%20History%20Chapter%208


1
U.S. HistoryChapter 8
  • Topical Studies

2
Chapter 8 Outline
  1. The Industrial and Transportation Revolutions
  2. Factors Leading to Reform
  3. Reform in America
  4. The Abolitionist Movement
  5. The Womens Movement

3
8.1 The Industrial and Transportation Revolutions
  • Industrial Revolution
  • Transportation Revolution

4
The Industrial Revolution
  • The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain
    in the 1700s.
  • Samuel Slater is credited with bringing the
    Industrial Revolution to the U.S.
  • At the age of 21, he memorized the plans of the
    British textile cotton spinning machine.

5
The Industrial Revolution
  • He disguised himself as a farmer.
  • He moved to the U.S.
  • He established a textile mill using the plans he
    had memorized.
  • He is now called the Father of the Factory
    System.

6
The Industrial Revolution
  • Eli Whitney developed the system of
    interchangeable parts
  • Parts are made with an exact standard.
  • This allowed manufacturers to mass produce
    products.
  • It also allowed for inexpensive repair.

7
The Industrial Revolution
  • Whitney is best-known for the cotton gin..
  • The cotton gin separated seed from the fibers.
  • It drastically reduced the time a worker needed
    to clean the cotton for use.
  • Southerners began producing even more cotton
    because it was so profitable.

Eli Whitney
8
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9
Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin
10
The Industrial Revolution
  • It also increased the number of slaves in the
    South.
  • Southerners needed more workers in order to meet
    the high demands for cotton.

Eli Whitney
11
The Industrial Revolution
  • Cyrus McCormick invented the mechanical reaper in
    1831.
  • It was originally pulled by a horse.
  • It harvested grain from the fields.
  • The technology from McCormicks mechanical reaper
    is still in use today.

Cyrus McCormick
12
Industrial Revolution
  • In 1837, John Deere created the first steel plow.
  • The steel plow helped farmers break the ground
    for agriculture more efficiently.
  • One result of Deeres contributions was the
    acceleration of Americas westward expansion.

John Deere
13
John Deere
14
Industrial Revolution
  • The Industrial Revolution had both positive and
    negative effects.
  • Positive effects of the Industrial Revolution
    include the following
  • It resulted in an increase in material goods.
  • It resulted in a decrease in the costliness of
    goods.
  • It resulted in greater efficiency in
    manufacturing.
  • It resulted in lower unemployment rates and
    urbanization.

15
Industrial Revolution
  • Negative effects of the Industrial Revolution
    include the following
  • It resulted in the abuse of women and child
    labor.
  • It resulted in poor working conditions for
    laborers.
  • It resulted in pollution.
  • It resulted in the devastation of natural
    environments

16
Transportation Revolution
  • Roads
  • Early roads were few in number and difficult to
    travel.
  • American citizens soon began building toll roads
    called turnpikes.
  • Better roads improved transportation.

17
A Modern-Day Turnpike
18
Transportation Revolution
  • Canals
  • Some states began building canals to connect two
    bodies of water.
  • These canals helped transport goods quickly and
    efficiently.
  • The most famous canal of this time period was the
    Erie Canal which connected the Great Lakes to the
    Atlantic Coast.

19
Old Erie Canal
20
Transportation Revolution
  • The development of the steamboat also improved
    transportation.
  • Robert Fulton (though he did not invent the
    steamboat) created the first successful
    commercial steamboat.

Statue of Robert Fulton
21
Transportation Revolution
  • The steamboat allowed boats to travel upstream
    against the current.
  • The steam boat also increased the speed of
    transportation on the waterways.

22
Transportation Revolution
  • Railroads
  • The development of the steam-powered locomotive
    drastically improved transportation.
  • Railroads were more efficient than canals.
  • They did not freeze in the winter.
  • They could connect areas where canals were
    impossible to build.

Blücher, an early railway locomotive built in
1814 by George Stephenson
23
Transportation Revolution
  • Railroads also helped the country develop
    economically and opened the West for settlement.

Blücher, an early railway locomotive built in
1814 by George Stephenson
24
2. Factors Leading to Reform
  • Immigration and Urbanization
  • Rise of Nativism
  • Religious Revival
  • Philosophy and Literature

25
Immigration and Urbanization
  • Mass immigration from 1815 to 1860
  • Largest Group of Immigrants from Ireland
  • Irish Potato Famine in 1845 to 1849
  • Economically poor
  • Catholic
  • Unskilled labor
  • Settlement in the Northeast

26
Immigration and Urbanization
  • Second largest group of immigrants from Germany
  • Search for economic opportunity and political
    freedom
  • Mostly Catholic
  • Skilled Labor
  • Settlement in the Midwest

27
Immigration and Urbanization
  • The rise in immigration resulted in urbanization.
  • Slavery limited jobs for immigrants in the South.
  • Many immigrants became naturalized.
  • Naturalization is the process by which an
    immigrant becomes a citizen of a nation.

28
Rise of Nativism
  • Nativism belief that native-born citizens are
    superior to immigrants
  • Job insecurity and religious differences helped
    cause nativism.
  • Immigrants would work for lower wages.
  • Most immigrants were Catholic.

29
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30
Rise of Nativism
  • Nativists formed the American Republican Party.
  • They had two objectives
  • To restrict immigrants and Catholics from holding
    public office
  • To require 21 years of residency for citizenship
  • Membership was secret.
  • They became known as the Know-Nothing Party.

31
Religious Revival
  • Early 1800s Second Great Awakening began.
  • Charles G. Finney was one of the most well-known
    preachers during this time.
  • Preachers often held camp meetings.
  • They rejected predestination and accepted free
    will.
  • The meetings were very emotional in nature.

32
Methodist Camp Meeting in 1839
33
Philosophy and Literature
  • Romanticism
  • a movement which began in the 1800s and
    emphasized feelings over reason
  • Transcendentalism
  • philosophical movement of the mid 1800s that
    emphasized spiritual discovery and insight rather
    than reason

34
Philospophy and Literature
  • To transcend means to rise above.
  • Transcendentalists were influenced by romanticism.

35
Philosophy and Literature
  • Two of the most famous American
    Transcendentalists were
  • Ralph Waldo Emerson
  • Henry David Thoreau

36
Philosophy and Literature
  • Washington Irving
  • Legend of Sleepy Hollow 1819
  • James Fennimore Cooper
  • Last of the Mohicans 1826
  • Nathaniel Hawthorne
  • The Scarlett Letter 1850

37
Philosophy and Literature
  • Herman Melville
  • Moby Dick 1851
  • Edgar Allan Poe
  • Wrote short stories and poetry
  • Walt Whitman
  • Wrote poetry

Edgar Allan Poe
38
3. Reform in AMerica
39
3. Reform in America
  • Temperance Movement
  • Educational Reform
  • Prison Reform
  • Utopian Societies

40
Temperance Movement
  • The Temperance Movement
  • an organized campaign effort to ban alcohol
    consumption.
  • In the early 1800s, alcohol consumption was at an
    all-time high.

41
Temperance Movement
  • Alcohol negatively influenced
  • Family
  • Health
  • Public safety
  • Employment
  • Other areas

42
Temperance Movement
  • Began in the late 1700s
  • Gained most of its influence in the 1800s.
  • The American Temperance Union was formed in 1833.
  • Supporters practiced abstinence from all
    alcoholic beverages.

43
Temperance Movement
  • Maine was the first state to pass a law banning
    the manufacturing and sale of alcoholic beverages
    in 1851.
  • Overall, alcohol consumption decreased
    dramatically during the Temperance Movement.

44
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45
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46
Education Reform
  • Public education during the 1800s was inadequate.
  • Schools lacked funding and supplies.

47
Education Reform
  • Horace Mann
  • Is called the Father of Education.
  • Believed taxpayers should support public schools.
  • Began the system of dividing schools into grade
    levels.

48
Horace Mann"The Father of Education"
49
Education Reform
  • Large numbers of children were in the work force.
  • Children were often needed to help their families
    with labor and even finances.
  • Massachusetts was the first state to make school
    attendance mandatory.

50
Education Reform
  • Education was limited mostly to white males.
  • Oberlin College in Ohio was the first
    coeducational college in the U. S.
  • African Americans who did receive an education
    were usually segregated.
  • Oberlin College began admitting African Americans
    in 1835.

51
Prison Reform
  • Many states began building prisons to house
    criminals by the early 1800s.
  • Criminals were jailed with the mentally ill.

52
Prison Reform
  • Dorothea Dix led the prison reform movement.
  • The main objective for prison reform was to
    rehabilitate criminals back into society.
  • She promoted education and vocational training
    for prisoners.
  • She promoted separation of criminals and the
    mentally ill patients.

53
Dorothea Lynde Dix
54
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55
Utopian Societies
  • Some Americans attempted to establish communities
    dedicated to obtaining perfection.
  • The term utopia is a fictional perfect place.

56
Utopian Societies
  • New Harmony in Indiana by Robert Owen in 1825.
  • One of the most famous utopian experiments
  • Nearly a thousand volunteers joined Owen in
    settling the community.
  • The experiment ultimately failed and was
    abandoned after two years.

57
Utopian Societies
  • The Oneida Colony was established in New York in
    1848.
  • Oneida was financially successful.
  • Oneida was abandoned in 1881.

58
Utopian Societies
  • The Shakers were a society also formed to achieve
    perfection prior to Christs Second Coming.
  • The Shakers are virtually extinct today because
    they practiced celibacy.
  • The Shakers grew only by gaining new converts.

59
4. The Abolitionist Movement
60
4. The Abolitionist Movement
  • Slavery
  • American Colonization Society
  • Abolitionist Movement
  • Underground Railroad

61
Slavery
  • Slave Codes
  • Regulated daily life of slaves.
  • Banned slaves from owning property, carrying
    weapons, or gathering in crowds (except for at
    church).
  • Banned teaching slaves how to read or write.
  • Were harsh but not always enforced.

62
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64
Slavery
  • International Slave Trade
  • Was legally banned in 1808.
  • Was continued illegally by smugglers.

65
Slavery
  • Nat Turner, an African American slave, organized
    a revolt in 1831.
  • Nearly 100 people (mostly women and children)
    were killed in Turners Rebellion.
  • Nat Turner and 19 other slaves were hanged.
  • Slave revolts led to harsher slave codes.

66
Nat Turner Revolt
67
American Colonization Society
  • American Colonization Society
  • Was formed in 1817.
  • Was one of the earliest organizations formed to
    address the issue of slavery
  • Members included
  • James Monroe
  • James Madison
  • Henry Clay

68
American Colonization Society
  • The U.S. established the colony of Liberia on the
    coast of West Africa.
  • The colony was founded for free blacks to settle.
  • The first group of African American colonists
    settled in Liberia in 1821.

69
American Colonization Society
  • The colonization of Liberia did not resolve the
    issue of slavery in America.

70
The Abolitionist Movement
  • The Abolitionist Movement
  • Was the movement to end slavery.
  • Had started in colonial times.
  • Began strengthening during the late 1820s and
    early 1830s.
  • Supported emancipation, or freeing the slaves.

71
The Abolitionist Movement
  • William Lloyd Garrison
  • Was an abolitionist.
  • Founded The Liberator in 1831.
  • supported emancipation without compensation.
  • Faced persecution in both the North and the South
    for his views.
  • was attacked in 1835

72
William Lloyd Garrison
73
The Abolitionist Movement
  • Frederick Douglass
  • Was a former slave.
  • Was an abolitionist.
  • was taught how to read and write by his masters
    wife and by white children.
  • Published his autobiography The Life and Times of
    Frederick Douglass.

74
Frederick Douglass
75
Abolitionist Movement
  • Elijah P. Lovejoy
  • Was a Presbyterian minister.
  • Was an abolitionist.
  • Published the Observer.
  • Was murdered while an angry mob was trying to
    destroy his printing press.

76
The Abolitionist Movement
  • The gag rule
  • Was passed by Congress in 1836.
  • banned antislavery petitions from being
    introduced in Congress for the next eight years.
  • Was appealed largely due to former president John
    Q. Adams leading the efforts to repeal the gag
    rule.

77
The Underground Railroad
  • The Underground Railroad
  • a network of escape routes that are provided
    protection and transportation for slaves fleeing
    north to freedom.
  • The main objective of the Underground Railroad
    was to help slaves escape to the North.

78
The Underground Railroad
  • Most routes led to Canada where slave-hunters
    could not go legally.
  • Harriet Tubman
  • Was the most famous conductor, or guide, on the
    Underground Railroad.
  • Was an escaped slave herself.
  • led more than 300 slaves to freedom.
  • was often called the Black Moses.

79
The Underground Railroad
  • Slave owners issued a 40,000 reward for anyone
    who could capture Harriet Tubman.

80
Harriet Tubman
Harriet Tubman
81
5. The Women's Movement
82
The Women's Movement
  • True Womanhood
  • Seneca Falls Convention

83
True Womanhood
  • The traditional role of women in America
    portrayed women as homemakers.
  • This idea was called true womanhood.

84
Seneca Falls Convention
  • Catherine Beecher was a supporter of womens
    rights.
  • In 1841, Beecher wrote A Treatise on Domestic
    Economy.
  • Her book supported the traditional role of women.
  • Some women did not think that true womanhood
    was enough.

85
Seneca Falls Convention
  • In 1848 Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
    pushed for more rights for women.
  • The Seneca Falls Convention was the first womens
    rights convention in the United States.

86
The Seneca Falls Convention
  • The Convention would adopt the Declaration of
    Sentiments and Resolutions.
  • signed by 68 women and 32 men.
  • partially quoted the Declaration of Independence
    We hold these truths to be self-evident that
    all men and women are created equal.

87
The Seneca Falls Convention
  • The most controversial part of the document was
    the ninth resolution where they demanded womens
    suffrage, or the right to vote.
  • The womens movement made some progress, but it
    laid the foundation for a stronger movement after
    the Civil War.
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