Do You Remember?

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Do You Remember?

1. The time period where Scholars began to use
   reason to question superstition, ignorance,
   intolerance, and tyranny is known as

The Enlightenment
2. The Time in France when Divine Right was
questioned and a radical movement violently
overthrew the Monarchy is known as
The French Revolution
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How do these images reflect the power of Louis
XIV?
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The Enlightenment
The Enlightenment grew out of the Scientific
Revolution of the 1500s and 1600s, with its
amazing discoveries by thinkers like Copernicus
and Newton.
Scientific successes created great confidence in
the power of reason. If people used reason to
find laws that governed the physical world, why
not use reason to discover natural laws that
govern human nature?
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Enlightenment Matching!
Match the Enlightenment Thinker with their major
idea
People are naturally evil, driven by selfishness
and greed. To avoid a Nasty, brutish and short
life people must give up their freedom to a
strong and strict government that will ensure
order. A leviathan!
People are naturally good and have three natural
rights, life, Liberty, and Property.
Government is there to protect those rights. The
people have a right to change their government if
it fails to do so.
The powers of government should be separated into
executive, legislative, and judicial branches, to
prevent any one group from gaining too much
power.
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Enlightenment Matching!
Match the Enlightenment Thinker with their major
idea
Questioned the notion that women were by nature
inferior to men and argued that women have been
excluded from the social contract. Stated that a
womens first duty was to be a good mother, but
that a woman should be able to have an education
and equal rights of men.
Writer and orator who targeted corrupt officials
and criticized inequality, and superstition.
Fought for freedom of speech by saying, I do not
agree with a word you say, but I will defend to
the death your right to say it.
People are basically good but become corrupted by
society. In an ideal society, people would make
the laws and would obey them willingly.
Government should act for the Common good.
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Enlightenment Summary
Which of the following were thoughts and goals of
the Enlightenment?
To Question Divine Right rule
To limit the Power of the King
How will the Enlightenment impact the world?
To give strong rulers total control over their
nation.
To ensure the protection of an individuals
natural rights of Life, Liberty, and Property.
To preserve old traditions, customs, and
superstitions
To protect free speech, religious freedom, and
ensure social equality
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The French Revolution (1789-1799)
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Long Range Causes
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(No Transcript)
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2. However, due to unfair voting methods, the
Third Estate, or BOURGEOISIE, left the Estates
General and created their own National Assembly
Short Range Causes
3. Tennis Court Oath - The Third Estate stormed
the Kings indoor tennis court. They demanded a
constitution for France and swore not to leave
until their demands were met.
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Causes Summary

• Political

• Social and Economic

• Weak Ruler Louis XVI
• Conflict between the nobles and the monarchy
• Enlightenment philosophies

• Social
• Class division Social betters
• 3rd Estate dissention
• Taxation based on social class.
• Economic
• Deficit spending
• Famine 1788-1789

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Tennis Court Oath
What was the spark of the French Revolution?
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BASTILLE DAY July 14, 1789
The Spark of the Revolution!

• The Bourgeoisie storm and capture the Bastille, a
  Paris prison and a symbol of the OLD REGIME.
  This was considered a victory for the masses. It
  displayed the power of the Bourgeoisie and marked
  the start of the Revolution.

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1. National Assembly Created (June 17, 1789)
The National Assembly!

• Issued Declaration of the Rights of Man
• All Frenchmen had basic rights of speech,
  religion, and press.
• Denied the DIVINE RIGHT THEORY
• Said that government rested on the consent of the
  people.

2. Reformed Legal System Elected judges, trial
by jury, ended brutal punishment. 3. Wrote A
Constitution (1791) Reformed government by
establishing a LIMITED MONARCHY. 4. Abolished
special treatment of nobles and clergy.
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Slogan

• Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

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Causes
The Reign of Terror!

• 1. King Louis XVI and his family are captured and
  brought to Paris.
• 2. Prussia and Austria declare war on France to
  aid Royal Family and restore Monarchy.
• 3. A RADICAL group (Jacobins) took over the
  Assembly and declared France a Republic.
• 4. The radicals were led by Maximilien
  Robespierre and set up the Committee on Public
  Safety.
• 5. King Louis XVI was put on trial by treason,
  found guilty, beheaded in 1793.

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Execution of King Louis XVI!
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REIGN OF TERROR (1793-1794)

• The Republic began to execute anyone considered
  an enemy of the revolution. Nobles or anyone
  who spoke out was beheaded
• with the GUILLOTINE.

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End of the Reign of Terror

• Finally, moderate leaders were able to take back
  power once threat of war ended. Robespierre and
  other radical leaders were executed.

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Results of the French Revolution

• 1. Political power in France shifted from Kings
  and Nobility to the Bourgeoisie (Middle Class).
• 2. Increased Nationalist feelings in France and
  elsewhere.
• 3. Ideals of Revolution like Liberty, Equality,
  Fraternity spread to other parts of Europe and
  the rest of the world.
• 4. A new leader emerges and becomes one of the
  most powerful dictators in European History

You Idiot!
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Emperor of France
2. In 1799, the popular general took over the
government in a coup detat and named himself
first consul.
3. In 1802 he became consul for life
What type of leader do you think Napoleon will
be?
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Napoleon
Use three words to describe how the artist
portrays Napoleon. Describe the symbolism you
see in this painting?
France has more need of me than I have need of
France.
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Napoleon Bonaparte
Positive Impact
Negative Impact
Used secret police and spies to find political
opponents
Limited free speech and censored newspapers
Napoleonic Code created stable code of civil laws
Allowed Religious Freedom
Used Propaganda to manipulate public opinion
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Napoleon Bonaparte
Positive Impact
Negative Impact
Allowed Religious Freedom
Limited free speech and censored newspapers
Napoleonic Code created stable code of civil laws
Used secret police and spies to find political
opponents
Used Propaganda to manipulate public opinion
Think about this Is Napoleon a Hero or a Tyrant?
Crowned himself Emperor and gave himself total
authority
Encouraged new industry, built roads, canals, and
bridges
Protected private property
Restored patriarchal authority and limited
womens rights
Set up French public schools
Created the Bank of France
French conquests spark nationalism
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Napoleons Empire
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Master and Commander
On October 21, 1805, at the Battle of Trafalgar,
Horatio Nelson inflicted a crushing defeat on the
numerically superior Franco-Spanish fleet. Hit
by a musket ball from a French sharpshooter,
Nelson was taken below and died with the
knowledge that he had achieved another famous
victory. His last words were, Thank God, I
have done my duty.
Watch the film Clip What were the advantages of
having a powerful navy?
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Napoleons Decline
Continental System After defeat to British
Navy at the Battle of Trafalgar, Napoleon
attempted to block all trade from Europe to
Britain. The policy failed. It created a
scarcity of goods in Europe, caused inflation and
led to increased smuggling and crime.
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Napoleons Decline
Resistance in Spain In 1808, Napoleon replaced
the King of Spain with his brother, Joseph
Bonaparte. Spanish protests were met by brutal
French repression which caused further
resentment. Spanish Resistance began to use
guerrilla warfare, hit and run style combat, to
harass French troops.
The Third of May, 1808 Painting by Francisco
Goya What do you think is happening in this Scene?
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Napoleons Decline
Invasion of Moscow In 1812, Napoleon sent
600,000 troops to invade Russia. The Russians
retreated and utilized a Scorched Earth policy,
burning down crops, villages, and cities. When
the harsh winter arrived, the French Troops had
little food and no shelter. They were forced to
retreat 1,000 miles. Only 100,000 survived.
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Napoleons Decline
How does this Painting portray the condition of
the French Army in Russia?
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Abdication of the Throne
In 1813, Napoleon was defeated and France was
threatened by a new alliance of Russia, Britain,
Austria, and Prussia. With little support from
the French people or army, Napoleon decided to
abdicate, or give up, his throne. They sent him
into exile to the Island of Elba and named Louis
XVIII, the brother of Louis XVI, as King of
France.
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The Comeback!
"From Napoleon to Louis XVIII. My good brother -
there is no need to send any more troops - I have
enough."
In 1815, Napoleon escaped the island of Elba and
began a Hundred Day Campaign to Paris. As
Napoleon marched towards Paris, soldiers and
citizens began to support him. King Louis XVIII
fled and Napoleon was back!
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Battle of Waterloo
June 18th, 1815, Napoleon was defeated at the
Battle of Waterloo by an allied force of British
and Prussian troops. Once again, Napoleon
abdicated the throne. This time, he was sent to
the small Atlantic island of St.
Helena. Napoleon died in 1821 of stomach cancer.
Recent studies suggest Napoleon may have been
poisoned. Others say he may have secretly
escaped.
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Legacy
Did Napoleon do more to preserve the legacy of
the French Revolution or to destroy it?
Is he a Hero or a Tyrant?
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Well, you have a sweet bike. And you're really
good at hooking up with chicks. Plus you're like
the only guy at school who has a mustache.
- Napoleon Dynamite
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Congress of Vienna

• 1. Following the defeat of Napoleon, the
  major European powers of the day met in Vienna,
  Austria to establish a plan for peace and resolve
  other problems that were created by Napoleon.
• This was called The Congress of Vienna.

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Who were the European powers present at the
conference you ask?
The major powers present at the Congress of
Vienna included Austria, France, Prussia,
Russia, and England.
Good question!
Headed by Austria's Prince Metternich, the
Congress of Vienna attempted to stem the tide of
nationalism sweeping across Europe.
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What were other issues addressed at the Congress
of Vienna?
The Congress had two main goals

• 1. Restore legitimacy This meant restoring the
  absolutist ruling families to their thrones.
  (turn back the clock)

2. Create a balance of power. This means that
one nation should not be allowed to dominate and
threaten other nations. This would ensure that no
future emperors would conquer Europe like
Napoleon had done.

1. Although the leaders of Europe wanted to weaken
   France, they chose to keep the country intact to
   prevent French resentment or nationalism and keep
   a balance of power.

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The Congress of Vienna was successful in
suppressing nationalistic movements from 1815 to
1848, a period also known as the Metternich Age,
however, nationalism would eventually return to
Europe.
These nationalistic movements in Europe would
result in unified, sovereign nation-states.