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Ecosystems and Communities

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Title: Ecosystems and Communities


1
Ecosystems and Communities
2
Abiotic and Biotic Factors
  • What are abiotic factors?
  • What are some examples of abiotic factors?
  • What are biotic factors?
  • What are examples of biotic factors?

3
Abiotic Factors
  • Physical or nonliving factors that shape
    ecosystems.
  • Temperature
  • Moisture
  • Wind
  • Nutrient availability
  • Soil type
  • Sunlight

4
Biotic Factors
  • The biological influences on organisms in an
    ecosystem.
  • All the living organisms in an area.

5
The Niche
  • The physical and biological conditions in which
    an organism lives and the way that organism uses
    those conditions.
  • Includes
  • What it eats?
  • How it gets the food it eats?
  • What organisms use it for food?

6
Community Interactions
  • Competition
  • Occurs when organisms try to use a resource at
    the same time in the same place
  • A resource could be water, nutrients, light, food
    or space

7
Community Interactions
  • Competition often leads to a winner and a loser.
  • Competitive exclusion principle
  • No two species can occupy the same niche in the
    same habitat at the same time

8
Community Interactions
  • Predation
  • One organism captures and feeds on another
    organism
  • Predator/prey relationships
  • Predator-does the killing and eating
  • Wolf
  • Prey-the food organism
  • Deer

9
Community Interactions
  • Symbiosis
  • Any relationship in which two species live
    closely together
  • Mutualism
  • Commensalism
  • Parasitism

10
Community Interactions
  • Mutualism-
  • Both species benefit from the relationship
  • Flowers and insects
  • Commensalism
  • One species benefits and the other is not helped
    or harmed
  • Barnacles and whales
  • Parasitism
  • One species benefits while the other is harmed
  • Tick and dog

11
Ecological Succession
  • Is a series of predictable changes that occurs in
    a community over
  • Two main types primary and secondary

12
Primary Succession
  • Begins in a lifeless area with no soil as in a
    lava flow.
  • Starts with bacteria, then to lichens and mosses,
    on to grasses and so on.
  • The first species to populate the area are called
    pioneer species.

13
Secondary Succession
  • A disturbance has destroyed the community but
    left the soil.
  • Old field succession is an example.

14
Biomes
  • A major terrestrial or aquatic life zone
  • Characterized by soil, climate, plants and animals

15
Biomes and Climate
  • The climate of a region determines what can
    survive in that region.
  • Main components of climate are temperature and
    precipitation
  • Climate diagram

16
Terrestrial Biomes
  • Are grouped based on their vegetation type.
  • Geographic distribution of plants depends on
    amount of available water and on the temperature.

17
How many terrestrial biomes are there?
Although there is some disagreement among
scientists on how to divide up the Earths
biomes, most can agree on the following eight
  • Tropical Rainforest
  • Tropical Savanna
  • Desert
  • Chaparral
  • Grassland
  • Temperate Deciduous Forest
  • Temperate Boreal Forest
  • Tundra

18
Tropical Rainforest
  • Typically found near the equator
  • Receives more than 200 cm of rain annually
  • Temperatures typically fall between 20oC and 25oC
    for the entire year
  • As many as 50 of all the worlds animal species
    may be found here

19
Chaparral
  • Also called the Temperate Woodland and Shrubland
  • Found between 32o and 40o latitude on the west
    coast of continents
  • Receives between 35 and 70 cm of rain, usually in
    the winter
  • Extremely resistant to drought and weather events

20
Savanna
  • Grasslands with a few scattered trees
  • Experience a wet and dry season
  • Hot temperatures
  • Annual rainfall is between 50 and 127 cm
  • More species of grazing mammals than any other
    biome

21
Desert
  • Typically found between 25o and 40o latitude
  • Receives less than 25 cm of rain each year
  • Temperatures typically range between 20oC and
    25oC but some extreme deserts can reach
    temperatures higher than 38oC and lower than 15oC

22
Grassland
  • Because of the dry climate, trees are found only
    near water sources such as streams
  • Usually receives between 50 and 90 cm of rainfall
    each year
  • Summer temperatures can reach up to 38oC, and
    winter temperatures can fall to 40oC

23
Temperate Deciduous Forest
  • Moderate climate
  • Most trees will lose their leaves in the winter
  • Temperatures range between 30oC and 30oC
  • Averages from 75 to 150 cm of precipitation
  • Well developed understory

24
Coniferous Forest
  • Also known as Taiga
  • Typically found between 45o and 60o North
    latitude
  • Cold climate with summer rains
  • Very few reptiles
  • Limited understory
  • Snow is primary form of precipitation (40 100
    cm annually)

25
Tundra
  • Means treeless or marshy plain
  • Characterized by permafrost permanently frozen
    soil starting as high as a few centimeters below
    the surface which severely limits plant growth
  • Winter temperatures average 34oC while summer
    temperatures usually average below 10oC
  • Low precipitation (1525 cm per year) but ground
    is usually wet because of low evaporation

26
Aquatic Biomes
  • Occur about 75 of Earths surface
  • Determined by their salinity
  • Freshwater biomes have less than 1 salinity
  • Marine biomes are about 3 or more

27
Freshwater Biomes
  • Cover less than 1 of Earth and have about 0.01
    of Earths water.
  • But about 6 of all living species are here
  • Plus we depend on this biome for drinking water,
    crop irrigation, sanitation and industry.

28
Lakes and Ponds
  • Standing bodies of water that can be very small
    farm ponds to the Great Lakes.
  • Living organisms are distributed by the depth of
    the body of water and by the distance to shore.

29
Lake and Pond Layers
Photic Zone light is available for
photosynthesis Aphotic zone light levels are too
low for photosynthsis Benthic zone the bottom
of the lake or pond
30
Rivers and Streams
  • Flowing bodies of water
  • Characteristics change between its source and the
    point it empties into a larger body of water
    (lake or ocean)
  • Source water is cold, low in nutrients and
    clear, runs fast
  • Downstream water gets warmer, slows down
  • Greatly affected by human activity.

31
Rivers and Streams
32
Wetlands
  • Transitional biome between aquatic and
    terrestrial biomes
  • Freshwater bogs, swamps and marshes
  • Covered at least part of the time with water
  • Provide flood control by storing water
  • Improve water quality by trapping pollutants and
    organic compounds in sediments

33
Wetlands
34
Marine Biome
  • Varies by depth
  • Some areas receive sunlights some dont
  • Photic and Aphotic zones
  • Photic extends down to a maximum of 200 m
  • Aphotic 200m and beyond

35
Marine Layers
36
Marine Layers
  • In photic zones
  • Photosynthesis is done by phytoplankton and
    multicellular algae

37
Marine Organisms
38
Intertidal Zone
  • Where ocean meets land
  • Waves pound the shore at high tide
  • Exposed to wind and sun at low tide

39
Estuary
  • Transitional area between rivers and ocean
  • Saltiness varies from nearly freshwater to the
    same as the ocean
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