MAO

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MAOS RED CHINA

• China Under Communist Rule
• The Great Leap Forward, 1958 The Crisis of
  1959-1961

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THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD

• During this trip I have witnessed the tremendous
  energy of the masses. On this foundation it is
  possible to accomplish any task whatsoever.
• - Mao
• Maos Goal Making China an Industrial Powerhouse
• Second 5-Year Plan The Great Leap Forward

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THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD - THE COMMUNES

• Develop Agriculture as well as Industry
• Chinese Commune System - All Encompassing
  Collective Farm Work Units
• Purpose Releasing the Workers Tremendous Energy

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THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD - THE COMMUNES

• The advantage of Peoples Communes lies in the
  fact that they combine industry, agriculture,
  commerce, education, and military affairs.
• - Mao
• Peoples Time Managed Effectively for Work
• Commune in Control of All Activities - Hierarchy
• Commune Creation Extremely Speedy - More than
  25,000 at end of 1958

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THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD - PROPAGANDA ENTHUSIASM

• Propaganda a Key Element
• Goal to Inspire Workers to Overachieve Goals
• Impressive Construction Projects Completed

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There were not enough machines, there was no
cement, no mortar and other building materials.
Beijingers were summoned to build this dam with
their bare hands and feet by voluntary shift
work. Hundreds of thousands of inhabitants of
Beijing, including all the civil servants and
university professors, doctors, students, etc.
set out to execute the order. In 8 hours shifts,
they worked day and night without a break. They
scratched away the earth from the surrounding
hills often with no more than their fingernails,
they split stones with primitive tools, and
carried earth and stone in little baskets
carrying poles to the river bed, where more
thousands stood and stamped the stones and earth
flat with their feet, urged on by the Partymen
with megaphonesMao Zedong himself and all the
members of the Politburo and the government came
and joined in the work of building the damIn six
months the dam was built. It is 2088 feet high
and 38 feet wide at its base. - Eyewitness,
Hugo Portisch
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THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD - THE BACKYARD STEEL
CAMPAIGN

• Small Commune Factories Set Up
• Emphasis on Steel Production
• Backyard Steel Furnaces Set Up
• 1958 a Good Year For Overall Production

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THE CRISIS YEARS, 1959-1961

• Ours is the only chemical factory of its kind
  and the boiler is 70 years old. But one day a
  Party official arrived and told me to increase
  the pressure in the boiler from a hundred to a
  hundred and fifty pounds per square inch so that
  the reactor process could be completed 9 times a
  day instead of 6. When I told him he was turning
  it into a bomb, he accused me of being a
  bourgeois reactionary. So what was I to do? Great
  Leap? The connecting pipe burst when the pressure
  reached 120 pounds, and we were out of production
  for a week while repairs were made.

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THE CRISIS YEARS, 1959-1961

• Things Begin Going Wrong in 1959
• Unrealistic Demands for More Production From the
  Party
• Backyard Steel Campaign Fails
• Too Little Agricultural Production

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THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD FAILURE

• Coal and iron cannot walk by themselves. They
  need vehicles to transport them. This I did not
  foresee. I and the Premier did not concern
  ourselves with this point. You could say we were
  ignorant of itI am a complete outsider when it
  comes to economic construction. I understand
  nothing about industrial planning. Comrades, in
  1958 and 1959, the main responsibility was mine,
  and you should take me to taskThe chaos caused
  was on a grand scale, and I take responsibility.
  Comrades, you must analyze your own
  responsibilityIf you have to fart, fart! You
  will feel much better for it.
• - Mao, 1959

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THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD FAILURE - THE FARMING
CRISIS

• Failure in the Countryside and Towns
• Not Enough People Working in Farming
• Over-reporting of Grain Harvests
• Good Weather Turns to BadFamine Intensifies
• 20 Million Die Due to Famine Malnutrition

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The Rise of the Moderates

• The 3 Bitter Years Caused by Mao
• Party Leaders Blame Mao for the Damage
• The disaster was 70 manmade and 30 due to
  natural causes.
• - Liu Shaoqi
• More Moderate Leaders Assume PowerMao Loses
  Power. Enter Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, Deng
  Xiaoping

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THE WANING OF MAO?

• Maos Power Gone?
• Still Extremely Popular and the Face of the
  Revolution
• Mao Reaction to the ModeratesThe Cultural
  Revolution
• Peasants have dirty hands and cowshit-sodden
  feet, but they are much cleaner than
  intellectuals.
• - Mao

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http//www.youtube.com/watch?vLGpmVs0_Dbc
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Indian Independence Movement
What methods did Gandhi use and were his methods
successful?

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Rise of Indian Nationalism

• Despite helping Britain in WWI, Indians were once
  again treated as 2nd class citizens after the war
• Groups like the Indian National Congress (Hindu)
  and Muslim League (Islam) began a campaign for
  Indian independence
• Many Indian radicals began to violently protest
  British rule
• 1919 British pass the Rowlatt bills, which
  jailed people w/o a trial

• Mohandas Gandhi protests unfair laws

• Gandhi believed in an approach called
  non-violent resistance non-cooperation

• Gandhi organized peaceful marches and public
  refusal to obey unfair British laws

An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind
Victory attainted by violence is actually defeat
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• However, Rowlatt Bills ban public gatherings
• 4/13/1919 Hindu Muslim Indians gather in
  Amritsar to protest
• A British Commander felt Indians were openly
  defying the ban and ordered his troops to open
  fire on the crowd
• 400 people were killed and 1,200 wounded in the
  Amritsar Massacre

• Despite British violence, Gandhi urges followers
  to continue nonviolence

• Gandhi begins to organize a boycott of British
  goods taxes

• The boycott on cloth is successful British are
  losing money!

• Gandhi organizes the Salt March 1930

• Police officers beat the marchers. American media
  reports the event

• Independence is gained in 1947 but British
  partition country based on religion (India, East
  West Pakistan)

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Tiananmen Square (Massacre)
political rally in 1989 by college students
demanding democratic rights in China. Our
movement was crushed by the Chinese government.
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Liberation Theology
political movement within Christianity that
interprets the teachings of Jesus Christ in terms
of freedom from political, economic, or social
oppression. I became very popular in Latin
America during the 1950s and 1960s. My critics
often calls me Christianized Marxism.
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Earth Day
started in 1970 to bring awareness of the Earths
natural environment. My flag is pictured above.
22
United Nations
an international organization formed in 1945 to
help promote world peace. I replaced the failed
League of Nations. I currently have 193 members.
In 1948, I wrote the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights which identifies the human rights
goals for all nations.
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European Union
started in 1958 with six members. I currently
have 27 members. Together we are a regional trade
bloc, similar to ASEAN or NAFTA, that is designed
to promote the movement of capital and goods
across national borders. Not all members use the
currency we introduced in 2002.
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World Bank
a controversial international financial
institution that provides financial assistance to
developing countries. My official goal is the
reduction of global poverty. Founded in 1944, I
have helped spread the principles and practices
associated with free market economics around the
world.
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World Health Organization
a specialized agency of the United Nations. Like
Doctors Without Borders or the Red Cross, and
formed to help respond to humanitarian crises
around the world.
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Greenpeace
A global movement that was started in Canada in
the early 1970s.They protest the inequality of
environmental and economic consequences of global
integration. My main targets are global warming,
deforestation, over-fishing, and nuclear
proliferation.