Stability Operations

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Stability Operations Support Operations

• FM 3-07 (100-20)
• DTD February 2002

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Three Block War
"In one moment in time, our service members will
be feeding and clothing displaced refugees -
providing humanitarian assistance. In the next
moment, they will be holding two warring tribes
apart - conducting peacekeeping operations.
Finally, they will be fighting a highly lethal
mid-intensity battle. All on the same day, all
within three city blocks. It will be what we
call the three block war." - General Charles C.
Krulak, USMC
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Terminal Learning Objective

• Action Describe the SOSO Environment
• Conditions Given a guided classroom discussion
  and access to the appropriate publications.
• Standards Described the SOS Environment

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Stability / SupportOperations

• Stability promote and protect US national
  interests by influencing the threat, political,
  and information dimensions of the operational
  environment ...

• Support employ Armed Forces to assist civil
  authorities (foreign or domestic) as they prepare
  for or respond to crises and relieve suffering

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It is the intent of Congress to provide an Army
that is capable of ...

• Preserving peace and security, and providing for
  the defense of the US, the Territories,
  Commonwealths, possessions, and any areas
  occupied by the US
• Supporting the national policies
• Implementing the national objectives
• Overcoming any nations responsible for aggressive
  acts that imperil the peace and security of the US

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Stability Operations(Ten Broad Types)

• Peace Operations
• Foreign Internal Defense
• Security Assistance
• Humanitarian and Civic Assistance
• Support to Insurgencies

• Support to Counterdrug Operations
• Combating Terrorism
• Non-Combatant Evacuation
• Arms Control
• Show of Force

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Support Operations(Two Broad Types)

• Domestic Support Operations
• Foreign Humanitarian Assistance

Relief Operations Support to WMD
Incidents Support to Civil Law Enforcement Communi
ty Assistance
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History(1866-1999)

• Indian Wars
• Philippines
• Haiti
• Germany
• Japan
• Korea
• Lebanon
• Dominican Republic
• Sinai
• Northern Iraq

• Cambodia
• Somalia
• Rwanda
• Haiti
• Peru-Ecuador
• East Timor

Since 1990 there have been 30 Operations
conducted
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Current Operations

• Sinai (MFO) 1982-?
• Kuwait (Southern Watch) 1991-?
• Macedonia 1992-?
• Croatia (Provide Promise) 1992-?
• Kuwait (Vigilant Warrior) 1994-?
• Haiti 1994-?
• Bosnia 1995-?
• Kosovo 1999-?

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Stability Operations
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Planning Considerations
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Planning Considerations
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Planning Considerations
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Foreign Internal Defense

• Categories
• Indirect Support - military exchange programs,
  joint and multinational exercises, security
  assistance
• Direct Support - civil military operations,
  intelligence and communications sharing,
  logistics support
• Combat Operations - temporary solution until HN
  forces can stabilize
• Counterinsurgency
• HN Security Force Operations - protect / isolate
  the populations from insurgents and/or neutralize
  / defeat the guerrilla forces
• The Role of the US Army - centers on
  administering and execute security assistance
  programs
• Planning Considerations

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There is another type of warfare - new in its
intensity, ancient in its origin - war by
guerrillas, subversives, insurgents, assassins
war by ambush instead of by combat, by
infiltration instead of aggression, seeking
victory by eroding and exhausting the enemy
instead of engaging him It prays on unrest
Our forces, therefore, must fulfill a broader
role, as a complement to our diplomacy, as an
army of our diplomacy, as a deterrent to our
adversaries, and as a symbol to our allies of our
determination to support them.John F. Kennedy
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Peace Operations

• Forms of Peace Operations
• Peacekeeping
• Peace Enforcement
• Operations in Support of Diplomatic Efforts
• Concept of Employment
• Fundamentals of Peace Operations

• Command and Control
• Intelligence
• Information Operations
• Civil Law and Order
• Logistics
• Force Protection

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Peace Operations

• The broad term peace operations encompasses
  peacekeeping operations and peace enforcement
  operations conducted in support of diplomatic
  efforts to establish and maintain peace.
• The US Army will participate in PO, either as
  part of a UN, NATO, multinational force, or
  unilaterally.

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Peacekeeping

• Observation Missions - primarily performed by
  unarmed military observers
• observing, monitoring, verifying, and reporting
  any alleged violation of the governing agreements
• investigation alleged cease-fire violations,
  boundary incidents, and complaints
• conducting regular liaison visits within the
  operational area
• verifying the storage or destruction of certain
  categories of military equipment specified in the
  relevant agreements

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Peacekeeping

• Supervision and Assistance - lightly armed forces
• supervising cease-fires
• supervising disengagement's and withdrawals
• supervising prisoner of war exchanges
• assisting civil authorities
• providing military support to elections
• assisting in the maintenance of public order
• assisting in foreign humanitarian assistance
  operations

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Peace Enforcement

• Normally conducted in several phases
• Phase I
• insertion of rapid deployable combat forces to
  establish a significant and visible military
  presence
• Subsequent Phases
• stabilizing the area and transitioning from a
  military presence to support for the development
  of a competent civil authority

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Peace Enforcement(subordinate operations)

• Forcible Separation of Belligerents
• separate belligerents
• disarm belligerents
• demobilization
• internment/resettlement operations
• Establishment and Supervision of Protected Areas
• demilitarize areas that may contain residents,
  refugees, or displaced persons

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Peace Enforcement (subordinate operations)

• Sanction and Exclusion Zone Enforcement
• Movement Denial and Guarantee
• Restoration and Maintenance of Order
• Protection of Humanitarian Assistance

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Operations in Support of Diplomatic Efforts

• Preventive diplomacy
• Peacemaking
• Peace building

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Concept of Employment

• Complex contingencies do not spring up overnight.
  Identify the early symptoms and attempt
  resolution, usually before the situation attracts
  the attention of the international media

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Fundamentals of Peace Operations

• Consent
• Impartiality
• Transparency
• Restraint
• Credibility
• Freedom of Movement
• Flexibility
• Civil-Military Operations
• Legitimacy
• Perseverance

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Command and Control

• Command Relations
• Coordination

Its all about trust -- up, down, and all
around. MG C.F. Ernst
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Intelligence

• Human Intelligence
• Intelligence synchronization
• Tactical tailoring
• Broadcast dissemination
• Functions
• Indications and Warning
• Preparation of the Battlefield
• Situational Development
• Targeting and target Development
• Support for Force Protection

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Information Operations

• Nature and Fundamentals
• The commander takes the lead
• Support IO with intelligence
• Establish and sustain an integrated team approach
• Anticipate and respond with speed, accuracy, and
  truth
• Involve every soldier
• Maintain transparency
• Gain and maintain access to the information
  environment
• Prepare for IO before development

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Civil Law and Order

• Police - the HN or responsible international
  authority requests introducing civilian police
  and establishing a police training element
• Judiciary - assist in establishing a workable
  judicial system with JAG and CA support
• Penal - establish and run temporary confinement
  facilities until civilian agencies take the lead
  if necessary
• War Crimes and Criminals - US forces apply the
  principles and spirit of the law of war to the
  extent practical and feasible even when the
  state of war does not exist

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• Logistics
• Rapid C2 and logistics planning capability
• Strategic and tactical airlift
• Emergency infrastructure repair support (port,
  airfield, road)

• Force Protection
• Consistent with the risk assessment
• Maintaining neutrality and transparency in
  operations enhances force protection

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Additional Stability Operations

• Security assistance - Equipment, Services,
  Training, Types of programs assisted, and
  Agencies Organizations
• Humanitarian and Civic Assistance - medical,
  construction of rudimentary surface
  transportation systems, well drilling, etc.
• Support to Insurgency - recruiting, organizing,
  training, linkups, subversion, sabotage
• Support to Counterdrug Operations - detection and
  monitoring, host nation support, command,
  control, reconnaissance
• Combating Terrorism - counter-terrorism and
  antiterrorism
• Noncombatant Evacuation Operations - such as
  Grenada (Operation Urgent Fury) 1983 getting
  evacuees to safehavens
• Arms Control - overarching goal is to prevent or
  deter war
• Show of Force - permanent forward deployment or
  military forces, combined training exercises,
  increase in readiness status

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Support Operations
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Support Operations

• Domestic Support Operations
• Foreign Humanitarian Assistance
• Forms of Support Operations

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Domestic Support Operations

• Domestic Emergencies - affect the public welfare
  and occur within the 50 states or US possessions
  and territories
• Roles and Responsibilities - Secretary of Defense
  retains approval authority for support to civil
  authorities
• Federal Response Plan - President declares a
  major disaster

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Foreign Humanitarian Assistance

• Conducted to relieve or reduce the results of
  natural or manmade disasters or other endemic
  conditions such as human suffering, disease, or
  privation that might present a serious threat to
  life or that can result in great damage to or
  loss of property

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Forms of Support Operations

• Relief Operations - respond to and mitigate the
  effects of natural or manmade disasters
• Support to domestic CBRNE consequence management
  - assist local authorities
• Support to civil law enforcement -
  counter-terrorism, counter-drug operations, civil
  disturbance
• Community Assistance - apply needed assets to the
  needs and interests of America and local
  communities

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FM 3-07 Annexes

• A. Interagency Coordination
• B. The Law in SASO
• C. Rules of Engagement
• D. Characteristics of Insurgency
• E. Negotiation
• F. Refugees and Displaced Persons

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Interagency Coordination

• US Armed Forces as a whole, must be multi-mission
  capable interoperable among all elements of US
  Services and selected foreign militaries and
  able to coordinate operations with other agencies
  of government and some civil institutions.

Annex A
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Interagency Coordination

• National Level - The National Security Council
  (NSC) advises and assists the President in
  integrating all aspects of the national security
  policy
• Domestic Relief Operations - Federal Response
  Plan, State Local Authorities provide disaster
  assistance to support civil authorities
  responding to domestic emergencies

Annex A
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Interagency Coordination

• Foreign Operations - Theater orientation, Dept.
  of Defense, Dept. of State, CIA, US Agency for
  International Development, Non-governmental
  Organizations, Regional International
  Organizations
• Conducted in line with treaties, conventions, and
  executive and other agreements to which the US is
  a party relevant statute law relevant federal
  and agency regulations

Annex A
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Interagency Coordination

• Civil Military Operations Center - facilitates
  the coordination of activities of military forces
  with US Government agencies
• Liaison - maintains contact and communication
  between elements of military forces and other
  agencies

Annex A
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Law in SASO

• Legal and Regulatory Considerations
• Posse Comitatus Act
• Title 10 USC
• Foreign Assistance Act
• Economy Act
• Title 32 USC
• Appropriations and Authorization Acts
• Fiscal Law
• Executive Orders
• Law of Armed Conflict
• International Agreements
• Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief Act

• Applicable Bodies of Law
• International Law
• US Law
• Host Nation Law

Annex B
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• War Powers Resolution - requires the President to
  consult with and report to Congress when
  introducing US Armed Forces
• Into hostilities
• Into imminent involvement in hostilities
• Into Foreign territories when equipped for combat
• In numbers that increase the number of US forces
  equipped for combat in a foreign country
• Claims Administration - occasions of personal
  injuries, deaths, and property damage claims by
  the foreign government
• Use of Chemical Herbicides and Riot Control
  Agents - need prior presidential approval

Annex B
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Rules of Engagement

• ROE provide guidance regarding the use of force
  by commanders and individuals based on three
  types of considerations operational
  requirements, policy, and law

Annex C
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Rules of Engagement

• Self Defense - in all situations, soldiers and
  commanders use force based on necessity and
  proportionality
• An effective ROE conforms to characteristics that
  are
• Understandable
• Tactically sound
• Legally sufficient
• Responsive

Annex C
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Rules of Engagement

• The standing ROE is a baseline guidance for US
  forces provided by the joint chiefs of staff
• Commanders and staffs at all echelons use the
  four facets of the interpret, draft, disseminate,
  and train methodology to incorporate ROE in
  military operations

Annex C
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Rules of Engagement Considerations

• International Law
• Operational concerns
• Commanders intent
• Threat
• Tactics and weapons systems organic to the force
• Legal requirements
• US policy

Annex C
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Characteristics of Insurgency

• Leadership
• Ideology
• Objectives
• Environment and Geography
• External Support
• Phasing and Timing
• Organizational and Operational Patterns

Insurgency is not simply random political
violence it is directed and focused political
violence
Annex D
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Negotiation

• Considerations
• Negotiations do not exist in a vacuum
• Negotiation is an exercise in persuasion
• Study alternatives to negotiating an agreement
• Be attuned to cultural difference
• Procedures
• Establish communications
• Identify common ground on which to build dialogue
• Consider cultural implications
• Set clear goals and objectives
• Develop a plan and diagram the results of
  analysis
• Determine composition of negotiating team and
  decision making mechanisms
• Establish the venue
• Implementation
• Training - essential for military officers in
  SASO needing a conceptual foundation in conflict
  management and resolution

Annex E
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Refugees and Displaced Persons

• Role of the UN Office of the High Commissioner
  for Refugees (UNHCR) - Responsible to protect and
  assist these refugees and asylum seekers
• Displaced Populations - Refugees and Internally
  Displaced Persons
• Responsibilities of States - obligated to respect
  the prohibition against forcible return and
  protect refugees
• Non-governmental Organizations - positioned to
  support international organizations
• Population Movement - preflight, flight, arrival,
  asylum, repatriation, reintegration, etc.
• Special Considerations - women, children,
  elderly, etc.

Annex F
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Summary