Matter, Solutions, and Gas Laws

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Matter, Solutions, and Gas Laws
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Georgia Performance Standards

• SPS2. Students will explore the nature of matter,
  its classifications, and its system for naming
  types of matter.
• a. Calculate density when given a means to
  determine a substances mass and volume.
• SPS5a. Compare and contrast the atomic/molecular
  motion of solids, liquids, gases and plasmas.
• SPS7d. Explain the flow of energy in phase
  changes through the use of a phase diagram.

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Properties of Matter

• Physical Property- a characteristic of a material
  that you can observe without changing its
  identity.
• Ex.- Color, ____________, __________, magnetic
  quality, malleability, ability to flow, odor,
  state of matter, density, melting point

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Density

• The amount of mass per unit volume
• Density mass/volume
• Explain why the density of an object does not
  change if you cut it into smaller pieces. IF YOU
  CUT A PIECE OF STEEL IN HALF, THE MASS IS CUT IN
  HALF, AND THE VOLUME IS CUT IN HALF
• Example 20 grams of steel cut in half is 10
  grams (mass) and the volume is cut in half from 5
  cubic centimeters to 2.5 cubic centimeters.
• mass/volume mass/ volume
• 20g / 5 cm3 4 g/ cm3 or 10/ 2.5 cm3
  4 g/ cm3
• SAME DENSITY!!!
• DENSITY OF AN MATERIAL NEVER CHANGES... NO MATTER
  HOW BIG OR SMALL!!

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What are the physical properties of these items?
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• During a Physical Change the internal makeup of a
  substance ____________ change.
• Ex.- Freezing, Melting, Boiling, condensing,
  cutting into , distillation.

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Distillation

• physical change
• The process of
• separating a mixture
• by its boiling points
• Examples
• Making alcohol, separating petroleum, or salt
  water

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Petroleum Fractional Distillation
Oil was formed from the remains of animals and
plants that lived millions of years ago.  Over
the years, the remains were covered by layers of
mud.  Heat and pressure from these layers helped
the remains turn into what we today call crude
oil .  The word "petroleum" means "rock oil" or
"oil from the earth."
Other products made from petroleum include ink,
crayons, bubble gum, dishwashing liquids,
deodorant, eyeglasses, records, tires, ammonia,
and heart valves.
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Other materials made from petroleum

• Solvents Diesel Motor Oil Bearing Grease Ink
  Floor Wax Ballpoint Pens Football Cleats
  Upholstery Sweaters Boats Insecticides Bicycle
  Tires Sports Car Bodies Nail Polish Fishing lures
  Dresses Tires Golf Bags Perfumes Cassettes
  Dishwasher Tool Boxes Shoe Polish Motorcycle
  Helmet Caulking Petroleum Jelly Transparent Tape
  CD Player Faucet Washers Antiseptics Clothesline
  Curtains Food Preservatives Basketballs Soap
  Vitamin Capsules Antihistamines Purses Shoes
  Dashboards Cortisone Deodorant Footballs Putty
  Dyes Panty Hose Refrigerant Percolators Life
  Jackets Rubbing Alcohol Linings Skis TV Cabinets
  Shag Rugs Electrician's Tape Tool Racks Car
  Battery Cases Epoxy Paint Mops Slacks Insect
  Repellent Oil Filters Umbrellas Yarn Fertilizers
  Hair Coloring Roofing Toilet Seats Fishing Rods
  Lipstick Denture Adhesive Linoleum Ice Cube Trays
  Synthetic Rubber Speakers Plastic Wood Electric
  Blankets Glycerin Tennis Rackets Rubber Cement
  Fishing Boots Dice Nylon Rope Candles Trash Bags
  House Paint Water Pipes Hand Lotion Roller Skates
  Surf Boards Shampoo Wheels Paint Rollers Shower
  Curtains Guitar Strings Luggage Aspirin Safety
  Glasses Antifreeze Football Helmets Awnings
  Eyeglasses Clothes Toothbrushes Ice Chests
  Footballs Combs CD's Paint Brushes Detergents
  Vaporizers Balloons Sun Glasses Tents Heart
  Valves Crayons Parachutes Telephones Enamel
  Pillows Dishes Cameras Anesthetics Artificial
  Turf Artificial limbs Bandages Dentures Model
  Cars Folding Doors Hair Curlers Cold cream Movie
  film Soft Contact lenses Drinking Cups Fan Belts
  Car Enamel Shaving Cream Ammonia Refrigerators
  Golf Balls Toothpaste Gasoline

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Properties of Matter

• Chemical Property-- describes its "potential" to
  undergo some chemical change or reaction because
  of its composition
• Chemical properties can only be observed by
  changing a substance's identity. Flammability,
  Reactivity, etc
• Once a chemical change has occurred a NEW
  SUBSTANCE OR SUBSTANCES is/are produced with
  totally new physical and chemical
  characteristics.

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Examples of Chemical Changes
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Chemical Changes

• Soft, silver metal
• Reacts violently
• with water

• Green gas
• toxic

• Love it on French
• fries
• Need it to live

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Conservation of Mass

• During a chemical reaction, energy is taken in or
  given off
• The Law of Conservation of Mass states mass is
  neither created or destroyed.
• The mass of the reactant(s) is equal to the mass
  of the products(s).

reactants
products
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Composition of MatterPure Substances and Mixture

• Pure Substances Elements and Compounds
• A. Elements all atoms in the substance are
  alike
• 90 elements found in nature
• 20 made in laboratories
• Atom is the smallest particle of an element that
  still retains the characteristics of that element
• Examples copper, gold, hydrogen, carbon
• (anything on the periodic table)

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• Compounds consisting of two or more elements
  bonded together (chemically combined) in a fixed
  mass ratio that can be split into simpler
  substances.
• Examples water (H20), carbon dioxide (CO2),
  sugar (C6H1206), hydrochloric acid (HCl),
• salt (NaCl)
• Molecule -- the smallest particle of a compound
  that still retains the characteristics of that
  compound

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• Mixtures
• 2 or more materials mixed together BUT NOT
  CHEMICALLY combined, they still retain their own
  chemical makeup.
• Unlike compounds, mixtures do not always
• contain substances in fixed proportions.

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Heterogeneous mixtures
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Heterogeneous Mixtures

• 2. Suspension-- mixture between liquids or
  liquids/solids that will settle out upon
  standing.
• Examples Italian dressing, pond water, oil and
  vinegar

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Homogeneous Mixtures

• 1. Solution-- A mixture where one material is
  _______________ in another
• the dissolved particles are so small you cant
  see them

• Parts of a solution
• A. ___________ the particles dissolved
• in the solution
• Examples sugar, Koolaid mix, salt
• B. __________ the substance in a
• solution in which the particles
• dissolve
• Usually water

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An Alloy is a Solution

• Alloy-- a solution of two or more elements,
  usually metal and metal.
• brass zinc and copper
• stainless steel copper, nickel and iron
• Pewter lead, copper, tin
• White gold nickel, palladium and gold
• Rose gold copper and gold
• Bronze aluminum and copper

What are 3 reasons we make alloys?
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Homogeneous Mixture

• 2. Colloid A homogeneous mixture that contains
  some particles that are larger in size, but still
  evenly distributed throughout
• Does not settle upon standing
• Tyndall Effect scattering of light due to larger
  particles causes milky/cloudy color in colloids
• Example milk, fog, peanut butter, butter,
  mayonnaise, yogurt

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Gas Laws

• Charles Law
• STATESAs ___________ goes up, __________ goes up
  (if pressure stays same)
• Remember CTV
• Volume is directly proportional to temperature
• Example basketball in the summer vs. basketball
  in the winter

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Gas Laws

• Boyles Law
• STATES..If the ___________ goes down, then the
  ___________ will go up (if the temperature stays
  constant)
• Remember BVP
• Pressure is indirectly proportional to volume

Larger volume, less pressure
smaller volume, pressure goes up