To understand the types of bonds formed by the carbon atom

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Objectives

1. To understand the types of bonds formed by the
   carbon atom
2. To learn about the alkanes
3. To learn about structural isomers
4. To learn to draw structural formulas
5. To learn to name alkanes and substituted alkanes
6. To learn about the composition and uses of
   petroleum
7. To learn about the chemical reactions of alkanes
     

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Carbon Chemistry

• Carbon is unusual
• Bonds strongly to itself
• Forms long chains or rings
• Biomolecule molecule that functions in
  maintaining and reproducing life
• Organic compounds vast majority of carbon
  compounds
• Exceptions oxides and carbonates

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A. Carbon Bonding

• When carbon has 4 atoms bound to it these atoms
  have a tetrahedral shape.

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A. Carbon Bonding

• Double bond

• Sharing of 2 pairs of electrons

• Triple bond
• Sharing of 3 pairs of electrons

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B. Alkanes

• Hydrocarbons compounds composed of carbon and
  hydrogen
• Saturated all carbon-carbon bonds are single
  bonds
• Unsaturated containing carbon-carbon multiple
  bonds

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B. Alkanes

• Alkanes saturated hydrocarbons

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B. Alkanes

• Normal, straight-chain or unbranched hydrocarbons

• Contain strings or chains of carbon atoms
• Representations

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B. Alkanes
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C. Structural Formulas and Isomerism

• Structural isomerism occurs when 2 molecules
  have the same atoms but different bonds

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D. Naming Alkanes
Basic principles

• The name for an alkane is based on Greek root
  with the suffix ane.

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D. Naming Alkanes
Basic principles

• For branched hydrocarbons use the longest
  continuous chain for the root name.

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D. Naming Alkanes
Basic principles

• Alkanes missing one H atom can have another
  hydrocarbon attached at the missing H point.

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D. Naming Alkanes
Basic principles

• Specify the names of substituents by numbering
  the C atoms starting at the end closest to the
  branching.

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D. Naming Alkanes
Basic principles
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D. Naming Alkanes
Basic principles

• If a substituent occurs more than once use a
  prefix to show this.

2,3-dimethylpentane
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D. Naming Alkanes
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E. Petroleum

• Hydrocarbons are an energy resource.

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E. Petroleum

• Petroleum thick, dark liquid composed mostly of
  hydrocarbon compounds

• Natural gas consists mostly of methane, usually
  associated with petroleum deposits

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F. Reactions of Alkanes

• Combustion reaction with oxygen

• Substitution one or more H atoms are replaced
  with different atoms

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F. Reactions of Alkanes

• Dehydrogenation one or more H atoms are removed
  and the product is an unsaturated hydrocarbon