Alliteration

1
Alliteration

• Repetition of consonant sounds.
• Common examples of alliterations include the
  tongue-twisters "Round and round the rugged rock
  the ragged rascal ran," and "Peter Piper picked a
  peck of pickled peppers."
• Alliteration can serve as a mnemonic device. As
  alliterative phrases are often memorable, they
  are frequently used in news headlines, corporate
  business names, literary titles, advertising,
  buzzwords, nursery rhymes, poetry, and tongue
  twisters.

2
Allusion

• An indirect reference to another literary work or
  famous person, place or event.
• Martin Luther King Jr. alluded to the Gettysburg
  Address in starting his "I Have a Dream" speech
  by saying 'Five score years ago..." his hearers
  were immediately reminded of Abraham Lincoln's
  "Four score and seven years ago", which opened
  the Gettysburg Address. King's allusion
  effectively called up parallels in two historic
  moments.

3
Analogy

• Point by point comparison.
• Often used to explain the unfamiliar with the
  familiar.
• For example, the branching of a river system is
  often explained by comparing it to a tree.

4
Antagonist

• Usually the principal character in opposition to
  the protagonist.
• May be a group, an institution or force.
• If a student is determined to express him/herself
  with wardrobe, the school faculty and rules may
  be seen as an antagonistic force.

5
Assonance

• The repition of vowel sounds within nonrhyming
  words.
• Hear the mellow wedding bells. Edgar Allan Poe,
  "The Bells"
• The crumbling thunder of seas Robert Louis
  Stevenson
• I'm hunched over emotions just flows over these
  cold shoulders are both frozen you don't know me.
  - Eminem

6
Ballad

• Poem that tells a story.
• is a narrative poem, usually set to music thus,
  it often is a story told in a song. Any story
  form may be told as a ballad, such as historical
  accounts or fairy tales in verse form. It usually
  has foreshortened, alternating four stress lines
  ("ballad meter") and simple repeating rhymes,
  often with a refrain.
• the legends of Robin Hood and the pranks of Puck
  were disseminated through broadsheet ballads are
  often typical or humorous.

7
Biography

• True account of a persons life told by someone
  else.
• (from the Greek words bios meaning "life", and
  graphein meaning "write") is a genre of
  literature and other forms of media
• A biography is more than a list of impersonal
  facts like birth, education, work, relationships
  and death. It also delves into the emotions of
  experiencing such events.

8
Blank Verse

• Unrhymed poetry written in iambic pentameter.
• a type of poetry, distinguished by having a
  regular meter, but no rhyme.
• The major achievements in English blank verse
  were made by William Shakespeare, who wrote much
  of the content of his plays in unrhymed iambic
  pentameter, and Milton, whose Paradise Lost is
  written in blank verse.

9
Climax

• Moment when the readers interest and emotional
  intensity reach the highest point.
• Ex The murder of Desdemona in Shakespeare's
  Othello is the point of highest tension.

10
Connotation

• Attitudes and feelings associated with a word.
• Ex The word water may symbolize or mean life
  even though literally water is a liquid.
• The connotative meaning is a subjective cultural
  and/or emotional coloration in addition to the
  explicit or denotative meaning of any specific
  word or phrase in a language

11
Couplet

• Rhymed pair of lines.
• Some cultures have decorative traditions
  associated with them.
• Traditionally, Western couplets are dumb rhyme,
  although not all couplets rhyme (a poem may use
  white space to mark out couplets as well).
  Couplets with a meter of iambic pentameter are
  called heroic couplets. The Poetic epigram is
  also in the couplet form. Couplets can also play
  a role in more complex rhyme schemes.
• i.e. Shakespearean sonnets end with a couplet.

12
Dialect

• Form of language as it is spoken in a particular
  geographic area.
• A dialect (from the Greek word d???e?t??,
  dialektos) is a variety of a language
  characteristic of a particular group of the
  language's speakers.
• In popular usage, the word "dialect" is sometimes
  used to refer to a lesser-known language (most
  commonly a regional language), especially one
  that is unwritten or not standardized.

13
Dialogue

• Conversation between two or more characters.
• (sometimes spelt dialog) a reciprocal
  conversation between two or more entities
• A literary dialogue comprises a little drama
  without a theater, and with scarcely any change
  of scene.

14
Fiction

• Prose that have imaginary elements.
• the word fiction is derived from the Latin
  fingere, "to form, create", works of fiction need
  not be entirely imaginary, and may include real
  people, places, and events may be in either
  written or oral.
• Although not all fiction is necessarily artistic,
  fiction is largely perceived as a form of art
  and/or entertainment.

15
Foil

• Character who provides a striking contrast to
  another.
• The author may use the foil to set up situations
  in which the protagonist can show his or her
  character traits. The term refers to the practice
  of putting polished foil underneath a gemstone to
  make it shine more brightly.
• "foil" in literature comes from the play Hamlet
  by Shakespeare

16
Foreshadowing

• Writers use of hints or clues to indicate events
  and situations that will occur later in a plot.
• a literary device in which an author drops subtle
  hints about plot developments to come later in
  the story.
• i.e. when a character displays a gun or knife
  early in the story.

17
Free Verse

• Poetry with no regular rhyme, pattern or meter.
• a term describing various styles of poetry that
  are not written using strict meter or rhyme, but
  that still are recognizable as 'poetry' by virtue
  of complex patterns of one sort or another that
  readers will perceive to be part of a coherent
  whole.

18
Hyperbole

• Figure of speech truth is exaggerated for
  emphasis or humor.
• It may be used to evoke strong feelings or to
  create a strong impression, and is not meant to
  be taken literally.
• It is often used in poetry and is a literary
  device as well as a referendum.

19
Idiom

• Expression that has meaning different from the
  meaning of its individual words.
• meaning cannot be deduced from the literal
  definitions and the arrangement of its parts, but
  refers instead to a figurative meaning that is
  known only through common use.
• students of a new language must learn its
  idiomatic expressions the way they learn its
  other vocabulary. In fact many natural language
  words have idiomatic origins, but have been
  sufficiently assimilated so that their figurative
  senses have been lost.

20
Imagery

• Descriptive words and phrases that re-create
  sensory experiences.
• Any the five senses (sight, touch, smell,
  hearing, and taste).
• Essentially, imagery is any series of words that
  engage one of the five senses (especially sight).
• Such images can be created by using figures of
  speech such as similes, metaphors,
  personification, and assonance. Imagery helps the
  reader picture what is going on.

21
Irony

• A special kind of contrast between appearance and
  reality-usually one in which reality is the
  opposite from what it seems.
• Irony may also arise from a discordance between
  acts and results, especially if it is striking,
  and seen by an outside audience.
• Tragic (or dramatic) irony occurs when a
  character on stage or in a story is ignorant, but
  the audience watching knows his or her eventual
  fate, as in Shakespeares play Romeo and Juliet.

22
Lyric Poem

• Short poem in which a single speaker expresses
  personal thoughts and feelings.
• refers to either poetry that has the form and
  musical quality of a song, or a usually short
  poem that expresses personal feelings, which may
  or may not be set to music.
• lyric poetry in the Western tradition is the
  14-line sonnet, either in its Petrarchan or its
  Shakespearean form, lyric poetry appears in a
  variety of forms. Ballades and villanelles are
  other forms of the lyric.

23
Metaphor

• Figure of speech that compares not using like or
  as.
• is a rhetorical trope defined as a direct
  comparison between two or more seemingly
  unrelated subjects.
• More generally, a metaphor describes a first
  subject as being or equal to a second subject in
  some way.

24
Mood

• Feeling that the writer creates for the reader.
• describes the relationship of a verb with reality
  and intent.
• Many languages express distinctions of mood
  through morphology, by changing (inflecting) the
  form of the verb.

25
Narrative Poem

• Poem tells a story.
• In its broadest sense, it includes epic poetry
  some would reserve the name narrative poetry for
  works on a smaller scale and generally with more
  direct appeal to human interest than the epic.
• Many scholars of Homer, from Quintus Smyrnaeus
  forward, have concluded that his tales of the
  Iliad and Odyssey were composed from compilations
  of shorter narrative poems that related
  individual episodes (suitable for evening
  entertainment.)

26
Onomatopoeia

• BUZZ.
• word or a grouping of words that imitates the
  sound it is describing, suggesting its source
  object, such as "click," "buzz," or "bluuuh," or
  animal noises such as "oink", "quack", or "meow".
  
• The word is a synthesis of the Greek words
  "onoma" (name) and "poio" (verb meaning "to
  create") thus it essentially means "name
  creation".

27
Paradox

• Statement that seems to contradicts itself but is
  true.
• The word paradox is often used interchangeably
  and wrongly with contradiction but whereas a
  contradiction asserts its own opposite, many
  paradoxes do allow for resolution of some kind.
• Sometimes the term paradox is used for situations
  that are merely surprising. The birthday paradox,
  for instance, is unexpected but perfectly logical.

28
Personification

• Human qualities are attributed to an object,
  animal or idea.
• These attributes may include sensations,
  emotions, desires, physical gestures,
  expressions, and powers of speech, among others.
• Personification is widely used in poetry and in
  other art forms. Personification can also be used
  in English to emphasize a conversational point.

29
Protagonist

• The central character or hero whom the audience
  indentifies with good guy.
• Protagonists cannot exist in a story without
  opposition from a figure or figures called
  antagonist(s). Classically in literature,
  characters with good will are unusually the
  protagonists, however, not all characters who
  assist the protagonist are required to be simple
  protagonistic.

30
Pun

• Play on words.
• figure of speech, or word play which consists of
  a deliberate confusion of similar words within a
  phrase or phrases for rhetorical effect, whether
  humorous or serious.
• A pun can rely on the assumed equivalency of
  multiple similar words (homonymy), of different
  shades of meaning of one word (polysemy), or of a
  literal meaning with a metaphor.

31
Satire

• Ideas or customs are ridiculed for the purpose of
  improving society.
• chiefly literary and dramatic, in which human or
  individual vices, follies, abuses, or
  shortcomings are held up to censure by means of
  ridicule, derision, burlesque, irony, or other
  methods, sometimes with an intent to bring about
  improvement.
• It is used in graphic arts and performing arts as
  well.

32
Setting

• Time and place of action.
• The term is relevant for various forms of
  literary expression, such as short stories,
  novels, dramas, and screenplays.
• For example, many of William Faulkner's novels
  are set in the early 20th Century in
  Yoknapatawpha County, a fictional county in the
  American South.

33
Soliloquy

• Speech in which a character speaks thoughts
  aloud.
• Also known as a monologue.
• It is a common feature in drama, animated
  cartoons, and film.

34
Stanza

• Grouping of two or more lines. Paragraph or
  poetry.
• In modern poetry, the term is often equivalent
  with strophe in popular vocal music, a stanza is
  typically referred to as a "verse" (as distinct
  from the refrain, or "chorus").
• stanzas can be identified and grouped together
  because they share a rhyme scheme or a fixed
  number of lines (as in distich/couplet, tercet,
  quatrain, cinquain/quintain, sestet).

35
Symbol

• A person, place, activity or object that stand
  for something.
• For example, in the United States and Canada, a
  red octagon is a symbol for the traffic sign
  meaning "STOP".
• Common examples of symbols are the symbols used
  on maps to denote places of interest, such as
  crossed sabers to indicate a battlefield. Red
  could symbolize anger or blood, a caged bird
  could be used to symbolize someones freedom or
  thoughts being held hostage.

36
Theme

• Main idea in a work of literature.
• Broad idea in a story, or a message or lesson
  conveyed by a work. This message is usually about
  life, society or human nature.
• Themes are the fundamental and often universal
  ideas explored in a literary work. Themes are
  usually implied rather than explicitly stated.

37
Tone

• Attitude a writer takes toward a subject.
  Intended to shape the readers emotional response
  may reflect writers feelings.
• a literary technique, that is a part of
  composition, that encompasses the attitudes
  toward the subject and toward the audience
  implied in a literary work.
• Tone may be formal, informal, intimate, solemn,
  somber, playful, serious, ironic, condescending,
  or many other possible attitudes.

38
Voice

• Writers unique use of language that allows a
  reader to hear a personality.
• Voice is a combination of a writer's use of
  syntax, diction, punctuation, character
  development, dialogue, etc., within a given body
  of text (or across several works). Voice can also
  be referred to as the specific fingerprint of an
  author, as every author has a different writing
  style.