Gender-disaggregated data

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Gender-disaggregated data

• Karabi Baruah Ph.D
• Gender, HIV Development Specialist
• For Training Course on Gender Equitable
  development Projects
• APMASS WAP, AIT
• 27th June 2012 Danang, Vietnam

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Session Outline

• Basic concepts and issues related to the
  collection, analysis and use of
  gender-disaggregated data
• Common understanding of terms useful in gender
  disaggregated data
• Approaches to collecting and analysing gender
  disaggregated data

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GDD and Analysis

• Gender-disaggregated data the collection of
  information, from a sample group that includes
  both male and female participants, on the
  different experiences, needs, interests, and
  access to opportunities and resources of men and
  women so as to establish an accurate picture of
  the local context.
• Gender analysis the examination of relationships
  between men and women and the factors that create
  and influence differential opportunities and
  constraints for men and women at the local,
  regional and global level.

Source Hovorka, IDRC, 1998.
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Gender-disaggregated data (GDD)

• Collection of data disaggregated by sex
  (strictly, this is sex-disaggregated data)
• However GDD is more than simply collecting data
  FROM women and men
• GDD requires a gender-sensitive data collection
  process to reveal hidden or untold information

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Why the Need for Gender Disaggregated Data?

• Capture real need, contribution, benefits
• GDD needs to be accompanied by disaggregated data
  on other variables (age, race, etc) to reflect
  gender dynamics
• To improve project effectiveness and
  sustainability (project is then more responsive).
• Better information lead to better performance
  (fish harvest, income, etc)
• The benefits are to both women and men

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Gender disaggregated data

• Not only about what men and women do, or their
  characteristics
• Need data to understand differentiated impacts,
  vulnerabilities, opportunities
• Especially important for monitoring and evaluation

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GDD at different phases

• GDD in baseline (so we can measure changes from a
  gender perspective)
• Difference in labor, income, control and access
  to resource, perceptions
• GDD in process (both within project and on target
  population)
• Difference in participation
• GDD on outcome and impact
• Focus on long-term effects of the project,
  measuring against baseline data

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Common understanding of terms useful in gender
disaggregated data
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• ? Data
• Sex disaggregated data, and
• Gender disaggregated data
• Statistics
• ? Indicator Gender sensitive Indicators
• Qualitative quantitative

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Sex Gender-disaggregated data (GDD)

• Data Unprocessed information that can be
  quantified
• Sex-disaggregated data Collection of data
  disaggregated by sex (strictly by physical
  attributes )
• Gender Disaggregated Data are Analytical
  indicators derived from sex-disaggregated data on
  socioeconomic attributes

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STATISTICS

• Processed data from a sample
• Numerical information answering the question,
  how much, how many that are usually presented
  in aggregate form as numbers or proportions in
  tables and graphs (Hedman, Perucci and Sundstrom
  1996
• Quantitative descriptions of some aspect(s) of
  the study population (Fowler 1992)
• Characteristics of the study sample (Blalock
  1979) )

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Gender- sensitive indicators

• An indicator is a pointer. It can be a
  measurement, a number, a fact, an opinion or a
  perception that points at a specific condition or
  situation, and measures changes in that condition
  or situation over time. (CIDA)
• Gender-sensitive indicators have the special
  function of pointing out gender-related changes
  in society over time. (ibid)
• Gender-sensitive indicators should be developed
  alongside other indicators measuring progress or
  achievements
• Who develops indicators? Need for a participatory
  approach

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Examples of indicators

• Quantitative indicators

• Qualitative indicators

• Level of income generated from agricultural
  activities for both male- and female-controlled
  crops.
• Levels of womens and mens inputs, by
  socio-economic grouping, in terms of labor,
  tools, etc.
• Number (or ) of women and men in key
  decision-making positions, by socio-economic
  grouping.
• Average household expenditure of female/male
  headed households on education/health.

• Respondent attitude towards new project
  component, disaggregated by sex.
• Level of satisfaction by women and men with
  degree of participation in project
  implementation.
• Perception of change in gender equality within
  the community since the project started.
• Feedback in relation to the usefulness of
  training sessions and gender training material.

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Approaches to collecting and analysing gender
disaggregated data
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Qualitative Quantitative Methods of GDD

• Structural questionnaire surveys for quantitative
  GDD
• Qualitative data collection in-depth
  interviews, Survey structured interviews,
  Focus group discussion Narratives, case-studies,
  life stories etc

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Examples of format for quantitative questions

• Question 1 (yes/no, several options, multiple
  choice)
• Option a
• Option b
• Option c
• Question 2 (no specific number how many
  things/years/children/etc? income?
• _________
• Question 3 (Rating questions)
• Do you agree?
• Strongly disagree Strongly agree
• ? ? ? ? ?

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Quantitative indicators may fail to capture gender

• Examples
• an increased income may hide an increase in
  dependence towards a spouse an equal sex-ratio
  may hide that an activity is not tailored to
  womens needs

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Qualitative indicators

• Qualitative indicators can be defined as
  people's judgments and perceptions about a
  subject, such as the confidence those people have
  in sewing machines as instruments of financial
  independence. (CIDA)
• Hence qualitative indicators are crucial to
  participatory methods, since they dont measures
  things or numbers but peoples views.

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How gender-sensitive are the survey questions?

• Issues to include

• Issues to avoid

• Question that dont generate gender-disaggregated
  data (household income, or respondent income)
• Questions that only cover waged labor or
  cash-crop (since these will be male dominated) to
  measure livelihoods.
• Assume the respondent knows better than other
  family members (access to training, resources,
  decision-making). A husband and a wife may give a
  different view on their level of decision-making,
  or on domestic violence)

• Questions designed to cover differentiated task
• Who collects water (or fuelwood, fodder,
  foodstuff) in your household? How far do you
  respondent or this person have to travel to
  collect water?
• Or different crop cycles
• Plowing, planting/transplanting, weeding,
  picking, grinding, etc., which may better
  represent both men and womens economic activity
• Questions that ask about intra-household dynamics
• Question on time-use (to pick up what specific
  questions dont)
• Informal work when asking about labor activity

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Examples of bad and good data collection methods
in term of gender

• Bad

• Good

• In a household survey, use HH as respondents
  (most HH are men, responses will reflect their
  views)
• In-depth interviews with women are conducted by
  men interviewers (contextual possible in some,
  not in others)
• Selection of respondents based on village
  leaders, or available list (leaders tend to be
  men, so are their networks list often use
  designated HH)
• Depending on context, mixed Focus-group
  discussion where men talk and women remain silent
  (or men sit in the middle, women on the outside)

• Respondents are alternated between W and M, or
  both W and M (father/mother), (husband/wife) are
  chosen
• In-depth interviews with women are conducted by
  women interviewers (opposite may also be true in
  some context, men should interview men)
• Random selection with equal number of women and
  men, or separate selection methods in some
  contexts (may take into account division of
  labor where are M and W)
• Male and female only FGD. However, whenever
  possible mixed FGD can be very useful to show
  contrasting or common views

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Qualitative analysis

• Qualitative analysis is used to understand
  social processes, why and how a particular
  situation that indicators measure came into
  being, and how this situation can be changed in
  the future. Qualitative analysis can and should
  be used at all stages of the project cycle, and
  should be used alongside quantitative and
  qualitative indicators. (CIDA)
• Gender ME should use qualitative analysis to
  measure the quality of a change and to
  understand barriers not revealed by quantitative
  analysis

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Measuring changes in gender roles

• Productive
• Reproductive
• Community
• How have these three spheres been influenced by
  the project?
• Are gender roles changing towards more gender
  equity
• Can positive process indicators (no. of women
  participating) lead to change in gender roles
  outcome (distribution of reproductive work)
• Qualitative indicators and analysis may explain
  obstacles towards more equitable gender roles
  (stereotypes, perceptions, etc)

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Gender disaggregated data, especially collected
through qualitative methods, require gender aware
data collection tool designer and data collector
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Which method to choose?

• Is the method appropriate to the evaluation
  exercise (what kind of data needed, are we
  looking at numbers or processes, etc)
• Can the method best measure what one wants to
  measure (assets vs perceptions)
• Does the data generated need to be comparable?
• Or are we looking for visual representation of
  the evidence?
• Is it feasible, within cost, scope and limitations

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Focus-group discussion

• Good technique to understand attitudes and
  behavior of a target group
• Questions are usually open-ended
• Answers can add details to motives, why no or
  yes, can be useful to understand data collected
  in a survey
• One can judge if a certain behavior or attitude
  is shared by the group
• However, one cannot extrapolate data to a general
  or other population (may not be representative)
• Risk of having the group interviewer provide
  personal opinion that may affect results

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In-depth Interviews

• In-depth and semi-structure interviews are a less
  rigid method to acquire data than than structured
  interviews
• Respondents are allowed to answer at length,
  sometimes bringing in related information that
  was not asked by the interviewer
• Mostly open-ended questions though close-ended
  ones can also be added
• Can use random sampling (probability sampling) if
  large sample to be generalizable, unless the
  research is focused on a specific and small
  target-group, or that respondents are hard to
  find. In this case purposive (only disabled
  people for instance) or convenience sampling,
  such as snow-ball techniques, both
  non-probability sampling, can be used. However
  you have to mention how bias can be introduce
  (such as too many old people, or rich, etc) or
  whether the sample acquired is representative of
  a cross-section of the population

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In-depth Interviews

• In-depth and semi-structure interviews are a less
  rigid method to acquire data than than structured
  interviews
• Respondents are allowed to answer at length,
  sometimes bringing in related information that
  was not asked by the interviewer
• Mostly open-ended questions though close-ended
  ones can also be added
• Can use random sampling (probability sampling) if
  large sample to be generalizable, unless the
  research is focused on a specific and small
  target-group, or that respondents are hard to
  find. In this case purposive (only disabled
  people for instance) or convenience sampling,
  such as snow-ball techniques, both
  non-probability sampling, can be used. However
  you have to mention how bias can be introduce
  (such as too many old people, or rich, etc) or
  whether the sample acquired is representative of
  a cross-section of the population

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Narratives, case-studies, life stories

• Underutilized in ME
• Provide a broader view of ones experience,
  including changes over time
• Allow us to understand better social costs and
  benefits from a personal standpoint
• Allow closeness with subject of research which
  may help the interviewer gather information that
  she or he wouldnt find otherwise
• However, may not be representative as every life
  is different. Can be cross-checked with other
  stories or triangulated with other forms of data
  collection

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Collecting Sensitive information

• Gender related information can be about
  difference and similarities, inequalities,
  control and in more extreme case about abuse and
  violence
• They tend to require a level of trust that is
  hard to build from survey questions
• Women may be dependent of their partners,
  influencing responses
• In some cases, similarities with the data
  collector may help (the peer approach)
• On the other hand, one may not want to divulge
  some information with a local
• So there is a need to assess the potential
  benefits (trust, relations) with shortcomings
  (fear of being ostracized)
• Hence GDD require an ethical data collection
  process

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Gender-sensitive location

• Should conduct the interview/survey where
  respondents feel safe, comfortable and open-
  Should consider
• Location
• Timing
• Distance

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Conclusion

• GDD requires both quantitative and qualitative
  methods, it is collected on the project (input
  and process) as well as on the community (output
  and outcome)
• Quantitative measurements are often limited to
  capture the quality of change in gender outcomes,
  hence the need in gender ME to use qualitative
  methods of assessment
• GDD requires gender-sensitive survey design as
  well as trained data collectors

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Group Work

• How would you generate gender differentiated
  resource use pattern?
• Community in which you are working has
  implemented a project on access to energy by
  providing solar lamps and bio-digesters to
  households How would you collect data on women
  and men are affected by implementing the project.
• In the community you are working you have
  established an eco-tourism project which brings
  about xxx number of visitors to the community
  every week. How would you collect gender
  sensitive indicators?.