5.1 Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea

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5.1 Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea
5.1

• The roots of Greek culture are based on
  interaction of the Mycenaean, Minoan, and Dorian
  cultures

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Geography Shapes Greek Life

• Ancient Greece
• Collection of separate lands where Greek-speaking
  people live
• Includes mainland and about 2000 islands
• The Sea
• The sea shapes Greek civilization
• Proximity to sea, lack of resources encourage sea
  travel and trade

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Geography Shapes Greek Life

• The Land
• Mountains slow travel, divide land into regions
• Lack of fertile land leads to small populations,
  need for colonies
• The Climate
• Moderate climate promotes outdoor life
• Greek men, especially, spend much of their time
  outside

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Mycenaean Civilization Develops

• The Trojan War
• Trojan War fought by Mycenaeans against city of
  Troy in 1200s BC
• Once thought to be fictional, archaeological
  evidence has been found

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Greek Culture Declines Under the Dorians

• Dorians Replace Mycenaeans
• Mycenaean civilization collapses around 1200 BC

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Greek Culture Declines Under the Dorians

• Epics of Homer
• Oral tradition grows, especially epics of Homer
  blind storyteller
• Epic a narrative poem about heroic deeds
• Homers Epic the Illiad, about Trojan War, shows
  Greek heroic ideal

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Greek Culture Declines Under the Dorians

• Greeks Create Myths
• Greeks develop their own myths traditional
  stories about gods
• Greeks attribute human qualities love, hate,
  jealousy to their gods
• Zeus, ruler of Gods, lives on Mount Olympus with
  his wife, Hera

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Warring City-States

• Chapter 5, Section 2

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Section Opener

• The growth of city states in Greece lead to the
  development of several political systems,
  including democracy.

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Rule and Order in Greek City-States

• By 750 B.C. the Greek city-state, or polis, is
  the formal government.
• A polis is a city and its surrounding villages
  50-500 square miles.
• Population of a city-state is often less than
  10,000.
• Citizens gather in the marketplace and
  acropolisa fortified hilltop

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Rule and Order in Greek City-States

• Greek Political Structures
• City-states have different forms of government.
• Monarchy-rule by a king
• Aristocracy-rule by nobility
• Oligarchy-rule by a small group of powerful
  merchants and artisans

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Rule and Order in Greek City-States

• Tyrants Seize Power
• Rulers and common people clash in many
  city-states.
• Tyrantsnobles and wealthy citizens win support
  of common people.
• They seize control and rule in the interests of
  ordinary people.

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Athens Builds a Limited Democracy

• Building Democracy
• About 621 B.C., democracyrule by the
  peopledevelops in Athens.
• Nobleman, Draco, develops legal code based on
  equality of citizens.
• Only native-born, property-owning males are
  citizens.

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Athens Builds a Limited Democracy

• Athenian Education
• Schooling only for sons of wealthy families.
• Girls learn from mothers and other female members
  of the household.

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Sparta Builds a Military State

• Spartas Government and Society
• Sparta government has four branches citizens
  elect officials
• Three social classes
• Citizens
• Free non-citizens
• Helots--slaves

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Sparta Builds a Military State

• Spartan Daily Life
• Spartan values duty, strength, individuality,
  discipline over freedom.
• Sparta has the most powerful army in Greece
• Males move into barracks at age 7, train until
  30, serve until 60.
• Girls receive some military training and live
  hard lives

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The Persian Wars

• A New Kind of Army Emerges
• Cheaper iron replaces bronze, making arms and
  armor cheaper
• Leads to new kind of army includes soldiers from
  all classes
• Phalanxfeared by all, formation of soldiers with
  spears, shields

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The Persian Wars

• Battle of Marathon
• Persian Warsbetween Greece and the Persian
  Empirebegin in Ionia
• Persian Army attacks Athens, is defeated at
  Marathon in 490 B.C.
• -announce Greek victory.

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The Persian Wars

• Thermopylae and Salamis
• Persians launch a new invasion of Greece.
• Greek forces hold Thermopylae for three days
  before retreating.
• Athenians defeat Persians at sea, near island of
  Salamis.
• Victories at Salamis and Plataea force Persian
  retreat.

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The Persian Wars

• Consequences of the Persian Wars
• New self-confidence in Greece due to victory.
• Athens emerges as leader of Delian League.
• League members essentially become provinces of
  Athenian empire.
• Stage is set for a dazzling burst of creativity
  in Athens.

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Democracy and Greeces Golden Age

• Chapter 5, Section 3

• Democratic principles and classical
  cultureflourish during Greeces golden age.

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Pericles Plan for Athens

• Pericles as Leader
• Skillful politician, inspiring speaker, respected
  general
• Dominates life in Athens from 461 to 429 B.C.

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Pericles Plan for Athens

• Stronger Democracy
• Direct democracycitizens rule directly, not
  through representatives

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Pericles Plan for Athens

• Athenian Empire
• Takes over the Delian League uses money to
  strengthen Athenian fleet.
• Sparta and other cities resent Athenian power.

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Glorious Art and Architecture

• Architecture and Sculpture
• Pericles builds the Parthenona large temple to
  honor the goddess Athena.
• Classical artvalues harmony, order, balance,
  proportion, beauty

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The Parthenon from the south.
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Drama and History

• Tragedy and Comedy
• Greeks invent drama as an art form includes
  chorus, dance, poetry
• Two forms of drama tragedy and comedy
• Tragedytells story of heroes downfall themes
  of love, hate, and war
• Comedymakes fun of politics and respected
  people slapstick humor
• Greek dramatists include Aeschylus, Euripides,
  Aristophanes, Sophicles
• Historians Herodotus and Thucydides record and
  study past events

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A Greek theater
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Athenians and Spartans Go to War

• War Begins
• 431 B.C. Sparta declares war on Athensthe
  beginning of the Peloponnesian War.
• Peloponnesian War
• Sparta has a better army.
• Athens has a better navy.
• Plague strikes Athens in 430 B.C., kills
  manyincluding Pericles.
• Sparta and Athens sign a truce in 421 B.C.

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4th Century B.C. Hoplite
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Athenians and Spartans Go to War

• Sparta Gains Victory
• 415 B.C. Athens renews war, attacks Syracuse on
  the island of Sicily.
• Athens is defeated in 413 B.C.
• Athens and its allies surrender to Sparta in 404
  B.C.

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Philosophers Search for Truth

• Socrates
• He believes in questioning and teaches through
  the method of questioning.
• He is believed to have said The unexamined life
  is not worth living.
• He is convicted of corrupting the youth of
  Athens and sentenced to death in 399 B.C.
• He dies by drinking hemlock, a slow acting poison.

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Philosophers Search for Truth

• Plato
• He is a student of Socrates.
• He writes The Republic, about an ideal society
  ruled by Philosopher-Kings
• His writings dominate European philosophy for
  1,500 years.

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Philosophers Search for Truth

• Aristotle
• He was a student of Plato.
• He uses rules of logic for argument.
• His work provides the basis for scientific
  method, still used today.
• He tutors 13-year-old prince who becomes
  Alexander the Great

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Alexanders Empire

• Chapter 5, Section 4

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Philip Builds Macedonian Power

• Macedonia
• MacedoniaKingdom of mountain villages north of
  Greece
• Macedonians call themselves Greek rest of Greece
  does not
• Philips Army
• King Philip II creates well-trained professional
  army plans to invade Greece

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Philip Builds Macedonian Power

• Conquest of Greece
• Some Greek cities invited Philip to invade
• Athens asked Sparta for help against invasion,
  but Sparta declined
• 338 B.C. Macedonians defeat Greece

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Philip Builds Macedonian Power (cont.)

• After the Battle of Chaeronea, Philip changes his
  strategy and treats Athens with great respect,
  releasing Athenian prisoners of war.
• The Corinthian League is formed, led by King
  Philip, with the intent of attacking the Persians.

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Murder of Philip

• Philip married again, for a fifth time, a
  Macedonian woman.
• His son Alexander was legitimate, but half Greek.
  
• .

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Alexander Defeats Persia

• Alexanders Early Life
• Tutored by Aristotle
• Inspired by the Iliad
• Military training
• Becomes king when 20 years old
• Destroys Thebes to curb rebellion

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Alexander Defeats Persia

• Invasion of Persia
• 334 B.C. Alexander invades Persia with a quick
  victory at Granicus River.
• Darius III, King of Persia, assembles an army of
  50,000-75,000 men.
• Alexander defeats Persians again, forces King of
  Persia to flee.

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Alexanders Other Conquests

• Alexander in India
• Alexander fights his way across the deserts of
  Central Asia to India
• Alexander conquers Indus Valley area in 326 B.C.
• Reluctantly returns to Babylon and dies in 323
  B.C.

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Alexanders Legacy

• Alexander melds Greek and Persian cultures.
  (Hellenistic Age)
• He takes a Persian wife.
• Empire becomes three kingdoms
• Macedonia, Greek city-states
• Egypt
• Old Persia, also known as the Seleucid kingdom

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The Spread of Hellenistic Culture

• Chapter 5, Section 5

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Hellenistic Culture in Alexandria

• Cultural Blending
• Result of Alexanders Policiesa new vibrant
  culture
• Hellenistic cultureGreek blended with Egyptian,
  Persian, Indian culture
• Trade and Cultural Diversity
• AlexandriaEgyptian city become the center of
  Hellenistic civilization

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Science and Technology

• Alexandrias Scholars
• Scholars preserve Greek and Egyptian learning in
  the sciences
• Astronomy
• Astronomer Aristarchus proves sun is larger than
  Earth
• Proposes planets revolve around sun not accepted
  for 14 centuries
• Eratosthenes uses geometry to calculate Earths
  circumference

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Science and Technology

• Mathematics and Physics
• Euclidmathematician his work Elements is the
  basis for courses in geometry.
• Archimedesscientist and mathematician
• He accurately estimated the value of pi (p).
• He explained the law of the lever.
• He invented the Archimedes screwa pump which
  raised water from one level to another.
• He invented the compound pulley for lifting
  objects.