Chapter 1 Cells: The Basic Units of Life

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Chapter 1 Cells The Basic Units of Life
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Levels of Organization

• 1.) Cells smallest living thing
• 2.) Tissues many cells working together
• 3.) Organ many tissues working together
• (stomach, heart, lungs, skin)
• 4.) Organ systems many organs
• working together
• (nervous digestive system)

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• 5.) Organism many organ systems
• 6.) Population- same organisms living
• in same area
• 7.) Community- two or more different
• populations.
• 8.) Ecosystem- a community all the
• nonliving things that affect it.
• Terrestrial
• Aquatic

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Vocabulary

• Organism-anything that can live on its own.
• Unicellular-a single cell living on its own (ex.
  bacteria)
• Multicellular- many cells living as a group of
  cells (ex. plants animals)

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Discovery of Cells Robert Hooke

• Hooke was the first to discover cells in 1665 by
  looking at a piece of cork.
• The invention of the microscope was necessary and
  lead to the discovery of cells because they are
  too small to see with the naked eye.

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Image of Cork Cells
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Discovery of Cells Anton von Leeuwenhoek

• Dutch merchant
• He looked at pond scum, blood,
• yeast in 1673.
• He saw small animals in pond scum
• and called them animalcules
• Other Facts
• Made own microscope
• First to see bacteria
• Discovered yeast is unicellular

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Cell Theory
The three people to discover the cell theory are
Rudolf Virchow
Theodor Schwann
Matthias Schleiden
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3 Parts of the Cell Theory

1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of life in all living
   things.
3. All cells come from existing cells.

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Pd 3
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Pd 4
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Two Types of Cell
Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells
No Nucleus Nucleus
No membrane-covered organelles Membrane-covered organelles
Circular DNA Linear DNA
Example Bacteria Example All cells other than bacteria
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Eukaryotic Cell
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Prokaryotic Cell
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Parts of a Cell
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Animal Cell
Animal Cell
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Plant Cell
Plant Cell
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Organelles

• Structures in the cell that perform specific
  functions within the cell

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Cell Membrane

• Protective layer that surrounds all cells
• Separates cells from their environment
• Controls materials going into out of the cell

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Cytoplasm

• Jelly-like fluid in the cell
• Holds the organelles in place

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Cytoskeleton

• Web of proteins in the cytoplasm
• Maintains structure of cell

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

• A system of folded membrane that is used for
  lipid (fat) transport.
• There are no ribosomes

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Ribosomes

• Smallest most numerous organelles
• Some float freely in cytoplasm
• Some are attached to the Rough ER
• Their function is to make proteins out of amino
  acids

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

• A system of folded membranes which are covered in
  ribosomes
• Used for protein transport

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Golgi Complex

• Packages lipids and proteins in small bubbles
  which may be used somewhere else inside or
  outside of the cell
• Looks like smooth ER

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Vesicle

• Bubbles that form from the Golgi complexs
  membrane
• Surrounds material to be moved into or out of a
  cell

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Mitochondria

• Power house of the cell that breaks down sugar to
  produce energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine
  triphosphate)
• All The Power

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Vacuoles

• Stores water
• Much larger in plant cells than in animal cells

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Lysosome

• Contain digestive enzymes
• Responsible for digestion and getting rid of
  waste

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Nucleus

• Controls the cell
• Contains DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) which is the
  genetic material that carries information
• Surrounded by a nuclear membrane that contains
  pores

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Nucleolus

• Dark area in the nucleus
• Produces ribosomes

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DNA

• Inside the nucleus
• Contain genes in two forms
• Chromatin (thread-like substance) that DNA is
  typically shaped like
• Chromosomes (X-shaped substance) that DNA takes
  the form of when the cell is dividing

Chromatin
Chromosomes
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Cell Wall

• Outermost layer of PLANT cells (as well as fungi
  and some prokaryotes)
• Gives shape support to cells
• Contains cellulose

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Chloroplasts

• Green organelle in plant cells only
• Responsible for photosynthesis process by which
  plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, water to
  make sugar oxygen
• Contain chlorophyll

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Cells Alive!
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