10th American History Unit III- U.S. Foreign Policy World War II - today

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10th American HistoryUnit III- U.S. Foreign
PolicyWorld War II - today

• Nixon Bush 3

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Reading Quiz

• 1. What did the Boland Amendment have to do
  with?
• 2. What is SDI or Star Wars?
• 3. What happened in the Falkland Islands?
• 4. What happened in Grenada?
• 5. What is meant by Third World Debts?
• 6. What is Glasnost?
• 7. What happened on the Achille Lauro?
• 8. Who is the Evil Empire according to Reagan?

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Nicaragua 1980s

• Marxist Sandanistas have taken control- tied to
  Cuba.
• U.S. to stop the Communist influence pressured
  Nicaragua to become Democratic.
• CIA armed rebels to oppose the Sandanistas- The
  Contras

424 min.
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Nicaragua 1980s

• 1st Boland Amendment 1982
• Can not use government funds to overthrow the
  Sandanistas.
• Only send non-military aid- food, clothing and
  medicine.
• April 1984
• CIA and Contras plant mines in Nicaraguan
  Harbors.
• CIA war manual given to Contras- blackmail and
  assassination.
• 2nd Boland Amendment- 1984
• bars CIA and other government agencies from
  giving military aid to the Contras.

110 min.
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El Salvador 1980s

• Marxist Guerrillas were trying to topple the
  government. A bloody 1980-1992 civil war between
  a conservative government and the leftist
  guerrilla forces
• U.S. to stop the Communist influence, aided El
  Salvador.
• More than 215,000 entered the United States
  legally during the 1980s

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The Middle East- 1980s

• Israel
• Egyptian President Anwar Sadat assassinated
• Isreal attacks Iraq and siezes Golan Heights from
  Syria- claiming Self Defense.
• Iraq and Iran in bloody war- 1980- Iraq invaded
  Iran to seize a crucial water way. It does not
  work and Iraq tries to withdraw but Iran will not
  make peace.
• Lebanon- worst problems in the Middle East
• Mix of ethnic groups- Muslims and Christians.
• PLO had seized control and using it as a base to
  launch attacks on Israel.
• 1982 Israeli troops invade Lebanon to stop
  attacks on Israelis by the PLO.
• U.S., Italy, and France had peace-keeping force
  in Lebanon.
• Christian-Lebanese forces slaughter over a
  thousand men, women and children at a PLO refugee
  camp.
• International peace keepers return-
• Sept. 1, 1983- Pres. Reagan sends in 2,000 more
  troops.
• April 1983- truck of explosive used to blow up
  U.S. Embassy in Beirut. (Iranians)
• Sunday, Oct. 23, 1983- Truck of explosives blows
  up main Marine building in Beirut, killing 241
  sleeping marines.
• Marines are pulled out of Lebanon.

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War In the Falkland Islands

• Islands 250 miles off South America- British
  owned since 1771
• 1800 inhabitants- British
• Argentina called the islands the Malvina and
  claimed them since 1820.
• April 2, 1982- Argentina, lead by a dictator,
  invades and seizes the islands.
• The British declare war on Argentina.
• April 30- US supports British and offers
  supplies.
• Latin American countries support Argentina.
• June 4, 1982 13,000 Argentinian troops surrender
  to the British.
• The military junta of Argentina also comes to an
  end.
• 1983 Argentina returns to a democracy.

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Falkland Island War
354 min.
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Grenada

• Oct. 1983- 1900 marines and airborne troops
  invade this small Caribbean island.
• The government had been overthrown by a radical
  communist backed group.
• Other Latin American nations feared Grenada would
  be a base for Communism.
• 1,000 Americans most medical students could
  become hostages much like Iran.
• People were on both sides of the issue.
• Proved to friend and foe that we could and would
  use force if needed
• Americans and Grenadians applauded.
• Some doubted government intentions, or how strong
  the force was in Grenada, or how can we condemn
  the Russian for Afghanistan when we go into
  Grenada.

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Grenada
339 min.
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Third World Debts

• Third world countries had financed their growth
  by borrowing large amounts from developed nations
  banks.
• 1970s- this looked cheap.
• 1980s debt amounted to over 700 Billion.
• High Oil prices and a world wide recession made
  it hard for developing nations to make money and
  pay back their debts.
• Disputes arose and bank systems and economies
  around the world were threatened.

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Reagan and the Russians

• U.S.S.R.- the Evil Empire- world problems could
  be blamed on Russia.
• US and NATO allies put intermediate range
  missiles in Western Europe. (Cruise for ex)
• Russia refuses to deal and remove its missiles
  and the arms talks are threatened.
• Demonstrations in Europe and US for a freeze.
• Sept. 1, 1983- Soviet shoot down an unarmed South
  Korean airliner killing 269
• Soviet change leaders- Andropov and Chernenko.

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Age of Terrorism

• Lebanon- 1985
• U.S. citizens kidnapped
• TWA flight hijacked- two weeks.
• Achille Lauro- Oct. 1985, hijacked with 400
  passengers and crew. Leon Klinghofer.
• Terrorist bombings Rome, Vienna and Berlin
• Libya- Center for terrorism
• U.S. Mediterranean fleet into Gulf of Sidra to
  punish Libya for terrorism.
• Libya fires missiles and the U.S. attack and
  bombing military targets in Libya and Qaddafi.

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Reykjavik, Iceland

• 1986- Superpower summit meeting between Reagan
  and Gorbachov in Reykjavik.
• Talks about abolishing all long range (strategic)
  nuclear weapons.
• Gorbachov objected to SDI
• The summit was a basic failure.

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Strategic Defense Initiative

• Star Wars
• Throughout its history, the program developed new
  technology and demonstrated a vast array of the
  science and engineering required to field a
  system capable of destroying enemy missiles
• Lasers that will shoot down enemy missiles within
  five minutes of launch. The lasers would attack
  their targets from battle stations in space, a
  few hundred miles above the Earth. A total of
  about 100 stations would really be needed
• Mirrors would have to keep the chemical lasers
  locked onto the missile for several seconds
  before it would be destroyed
• The 1980s US Strategic Defense Initiative program
  (better known as 'Star Wars') included several
  projects which looked at the possibility of using
  antimatter as rocket fuel or to drive space-borne
  weapons platforms.

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Nuclear Weapons Chart This chart shows the
world's current firepower. The center dot
represents the firepower of the World War II 3
megatons. The other dots represent the world's
present nuclear weaponry which equals 6,000 World
War II's or 18,000 megatons. The USA and the
USSR share this firepower with approximately
equal destructive capability.
The top left-hand circle enclosing 9 megatons
represents the weapons on just one Poseidon
submarine. This is equal to the firepower of
three World War II's and enough to destroy over
200 of the Soviet's largest cities.
The circle in the lower left-hand square
enclosing 24 megatons represents just one Trident
sub with the firepower of eight World War II's -
enough to destroy every city in the northern
hemisphere.
Just two squares on this chart (300 megatons)
represent enough firepower to destroy all the
large- and medium-size cities in the entire
world. Fewer than 3 squares (400 megatons)
represent the warheads removed from missiles in
the INF treaty. Although missiles were destroyed
the warheads were preserved and are being
deployed on other delivery vehicles. There was no
decrease in destructive power. IT IS A LONG LONG
WAY TO NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT. WE ARE SURROUNDED BY
FORESTS OF NUCLEAR DESTRUCTION. WE MUST GO ON.