After World War 1, the Ottoman Empire fell, and the Middle East was up for grabs.

1
Sykes-Picot Agreement

• After World War 1, the Ottoman Empire fell, and
  the Middle East was up for grabs.
• Mark Sykes of Great Britain and Francois
  Georges-Picot of France started negotiations in
  November 1915.
• The negotiations took after the names of the two
  men.
• These negotiations were for what was going to
  happen to the Middle East.
• The agreement divided up the Fertile Crescent
  into zones of influence, recognizing Arab
  independence in part of the land.
• In this agreement the British and French set the
  foundations for what were to become Arab nations
  demarcating their borders and creating new
  nationalities.
• In the end, the agreement did not work out.

The agreement led to the division of Turkish-held
Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine. It did not
work because all these countries won their
independence back.

• Mark Sykes, the English negotiator of the
  agreement

2
The UN Resolution 181
approved United States, Canada, France, Belgium,
Russia, Australia, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela,
and Norway. disapproved Afghanistan, Iraq,
Iran, Lebanon, Egypt, Cuba, Greece, India,
Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Yemen, and Turkey.
Unfortunately, the Arabs did not agree and was
revoked.
The basic plan was to resolve the Arab-Israeli
Conflict.
If the plan would have been followed through, it
would have split Western Palestine into Jewish
and Arab states.
It violated the rights of the majority of Arabs.
Also, non-Jewish people would be stuck in the
Jewish state of Israel.
The plan was made and discussed on November 29,
1947.
Ultimately, the rejection of the accord by the
Arabs led to the Arab-Israeli war.
This map shows the presumed locations of Arab and
Jewish states.
3
Israeli War of Independence

• Started on January 9, 1948.

• 1st attack - 1,000 Arabs attacked Jewish
• communities in N. Palestine

• Involved the bordering countries of Egypt, Syria,
  
• Jordan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Lebanon

• The critical phase of the war was from mid-may to
• mid-july

• The purpose was to push the Jews into the sea and
  get there land back

• During war over 7,000 Palestinians fled leaving
• their Children and grandchildren behind

• Took place along the whole border of Israel

• Israel gained its independence on May 14, 1948

• The ranks of the IDF grew rapidly to about
  100,000
• At the height of the war

• Ended on July 20, 1949

• Victory caused more than 6,000 Israeli deaths

4
The Six Day War

• Aftermath Israel had gained possession of the
  West Bank, Golan Heights, and the Sinai Peninsula.

• Involved Egypt, Israel, Jordan, and Syria

• June 8 Sinai Peninsula is under Israeli control

• The Arab nations surrendered to the Israeli
  forces for two reasons

• June 10 Syria surrenders because Golan Heights
  comes under Israeli control.

• Went from June 5-10 1967

The war also resulted in a depression in the Arab
World.

• The lost territories had few inhabitants
• Israeli troops were less than 100 km from each
  countries capital

• June 5 Israel, and half of attacks Egypt, Syria,
  and Jordan and destroys the entire air force of
  Egypt, Jordan Syrias

• June 7 Sharm el-sheikh is captured.

5
Palestinian Refugees
Registered refugees
Jordan-1,758,274 West
Bank-675,670 Gaza-938,531
Lebanon-396,890
Syria-417,346

• Middle east peace treaty
• The multilateral track the refugee working
  group.
• 1st bilateral negotiation between direct
  parties to the conflict( Israel-Syria,
  Israel-Lebanon, Israel with what initially
  formed as a joint Palestinian/Jordan delegation).
• 2nd- multilateral negotiations on those border
  issues whose solutions require coordinated action
  the international communitys support.

• Population
• The population of 1967 displaced persons stands
  at approximately 1million(many of whom are 1948
  refugees).
• In the West Bank and Gaza, refugees are stateless
  under a combination of limited Palestinian
  Authority administration Israeli military
  occupation.
• In Jordan most refugees are full citizens, and
  enjoy being equivalent to other Jordanians.

• The Oslo Process
• New frame work for discussion of refugee issues
  were created by the Palestinian-Israeli
  Declaration of Independence of Principles of
  Sept. 1993.
• May 1996- the final status negotiations were
  formally opened, but substantial negotiation was
  interrupted by Israeli elections, the
  subsequent change in the Israeli govt.
• May 1995- the Quadripartite committee first met
  in Amman.

• Issues refugees deal
• with today
• Housing
• Food
• Jobs
• Education
• Health care
• Power struggle between to Palestinian political
  factions.

• What left the Palestinians homeless?
• -the six day war
• -the Palestinians had to leave their homes to
  make room for invading Arab armies.

6
PLO(Palestinian Liberation Organization)
Yasser Arafat and Mahmound Abbas

• Born August 24,1929 in Cairo
• Chairman of the PLO from 1969-2004.
• Won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1994.
• Founding member of Fattah, political party that
• controls PLO.
• President of the Palestinian National Authority
• from 1993 to 2004.
• He dies in 2004.

• Founded by the Arab League in 1964.

Goal To destroy Israel through struggle and
armed forces. To cease all violence and
terrorism.
Political and paramilitary.
Born march 26,1935 in Safad. Founding member
of Fattah. Member of PNA since 1968. Considered
the brains behind PLO. First official to visit
Saudi Arabia after Gulf War. He sighed the 1993
peace accord with Israel in September
13. Took over Arafats position in PLO on Jan.
9, 2005 with 62 of the vote.
1960sPrimary base in Jordan. 1969Organization
of Islamic conference admits Palestine,
represented by PLO. 1970-1971fight with Jordan
drove PLO out ,relocated in Lebanon. 1975
Lebanese civil war forcing PLO to relocate in
Tunisia. 1976 Admitted as a member of the Arab
League. 1988 Palestinian state on West Bank and
Gaza Strip PLO accepts Israel right to exist.
Also called Abu Mazen.
7
Camp David Peace Treaty

• Treaty defines future relations between Israel
  and Egypt.
• Treaty decides the future negotiations and
  establishment of the West Bank and Gaza.
• Treaty happened after 4 wars, and 30 yrs.
• Signed on Sept.17,1798
• Located 70 miles from White House, in Catcotin
  Mountains.

• Signed by Muhammed Anwar Al-Sadat, Menachem
  Begin, and Jimmy Carter
• Signing of treaty occurs after 12 days of secret
  negotiations.

8
First and Second Intifada
Second Intifada Al Aqsa Intifada
First Intifada

• Who Palestinians against Israelis

• Began in September 2000 and have ended at Sharm
  El Sheik Summit 2005

• What Violent uprisings (War of Stones)

• Causes
• Protest against Israelis harsh treatments to
  Palestinians
• Egypt withdraw claim of Gaza Strip
  
  
• Lack of progress for humanitarian and
  nationalistic claims

• The intifada was an expression of disappointment
  over the disrespect and denial of basic rights to
  Palestinians.
• These were rights to free access to Jerusalem,
  security, development, and refugees right to
  return.

• Jewish Israeli policeman walked inside Al Aqsa
  Mosque caused problems with Muslim Palestinians.

• When Dec. 1987 in the Gaza Strip to West Bank
  and Eastern Jerusalem.
• Ended in 1993 with the signing of Oslo Accords

• Jewish Israeli policeman walked inside Al Aqsa
  Mosque and caused problems with Muslim
  Palestinians.

• Palestinians threw stones at Israeli soldiers,
  went on commercial strikes, and business boycotts.

• Palestinians viewed the intifada as a war of
  national liberation against foreign occupation.
• Israelis thought it was a terrorist campaign and
  blamed Arafat for the cause.

• Palestinian community council lead uprisings

• October 6, 2000 Hamas declared a day of rage
  and attacked Israeli army outpost in occupied
  territories.

• We should break their arms and legs- Israeli
  Defense Minister Yitzhaz Rabin

• 1,162 Palestinians and 160 Israelis died

9
Hamas

• Is a Shiite Muslim organization based in Lebanon.
• The main leader is Seyyed Hassan Nasrallah.

Hezbollah
They own a satellite television station, which
broadcasts training for suicide bombers

• Created in 1987
• Created at the time of the First Intifada, in
  Gaza and West Bank.
• Goal to destroy Israel and create an Islamic
  Palestinian state.
• Methods assassinations, raids, bombings, and
  suicide bombings.

• Hezbollah has close ties with Iran.
• From Iran they get diplomatic aid and weapons
  totaling about 100 million dollars a year.
• Syria is also a supporter.

• Against PLOs acceptance of the UNs resolutions
  saying that Israel has a right to exist.
• Against 1993 peace agreement.

• Runs a network of mosques and social services
  organizations like medical clinics.

• Created in 1982
• Formed after the Israeli invasion of Lebanon.

• Means Party of God

• Connected to Iran and Syria.
• Also funded by Osama bin Laden.

Like Hamas, Hezbollah donates to schools and
mosques.
10
Oslo Accords

• It was a culmination of series of secrets and
  public agreements

• Negotiated between the Israeli govt and the
  Palenstine Liberation Organization

• Until a final status accord was est. West Bank
  and Gaza would be divided into three zones
• Area A full control of the Palestine Authority
• Area B Palestinian civil control
• Area C full Israeli control, except over
  Palestine civilians

11
Construction of the Security Barrier
Who are some of Israels enemies?
The red line represents the fence, which
surrounds the border of Israel.
What is the Security Barrier in Israel?

• The Palestinian Arabs are the main enemy.

• A barrier that borders the entire country of
  Israel to keep terrorists out.

• Israelites wanted it to protect them from
  Palestinian terrorists.

• Most of it is near the northern border.

Why did the Israelites want to put the barrier up?

• The small country is attacked constantly.

• They wanted to protect the cities from the
  terrorism.

• Palestinian Arabs come in to attack and kill
  Israelites.

• It was built in July 2003.

There are many ditches and fences that make up
the security barrier.
12
Ariel Sharon

Disengagement
Plan
History
Purpose
Served in IDF(Israel Defense Force) for 25 years
Appointed Foreign Minister of the Palestianian
Authority (1998)
Commanded in War of Independence (1948)
Appointed commander of Paratroop Crops (1956).
Ariel Sharon
Became Chairman of Likud (1999)
Commander in the Six-Day War (1967)
Disengagement Plan was created to ensure
sercurity improve Palestinian life (1999)
Resigned for army (1972)
Likud Party symbol
Elected for Knesset (1973)
Joined the Herut Party Minister of Agriculture
in Menachern Begins first Govt. (1977-1981)
Formed new party called Kidima, due to people
rebelling against the Disengagement Plan(Nov. 21
2005)
Kadima Party
Served as member of the Knesset (1992-1996)