LEARNING

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LEARNING
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Learning

• A relatively permanent change in behavior due to
  experience

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Classical Conditioning

• Module 15

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Classical Conditioning

• A type of learning where a stimulus gains the
  power to cause a response because it predicts
  another stimulus that already produces that
  response
• Form of learning by association

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Stimulus-Response

• Stimulus - anything in the environment that one
  can respond to
• Response any behavior or action

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Stimulus-Response Relationship
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Stimulus-Response Relationship
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Behaviorism

• The view that psychology should restrict its
  efforts to studying observable behaviors, not
  mental processes.
• Founded by John Watson

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Components of Classical Conditioning

• Module 15 Classical Conditioning

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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

• A stimulus that triggers a response automatically
  and reflexively

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Unconditioned Response (UCR)

• The automatic response to the unconditioned
  stimulus
• The relationship between the UCS and UCR must be
  reflexive and not learned

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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

• A stimulus that through learning has gained the
  power to cause a conditioned response
• The CS must be a neutral stimulus before
  conditioning occurs.

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Conditioned Response

• The response to the conditioned stimulus
• Usually the same behavior as the UCR

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Classical Conditioning Processes Acquisition

• Module 15 Classical Conditioning

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Acquisition

• The process of developing a learned response
• The subject learns a new response (CR) to a
  previously neutral stimulus (CS)

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Acquisition
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Classical Conditioning Processes Extinction and
Spontaneous Recovery

• Module 15 Classical Conditioning

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Extinction

• The diminishing of a learned response
• In classical conditioning, the continual
  presentation of the CS without the UCS

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Extinction
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Spontaneous Recovery

• The reappearance, after a rest period, of an
  extinguished conditioned response

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Spontaneous Recovery
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Ivan Pavlovs Discovery

• Module 15 Classical Conditioning

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Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

• A Russian physiologist who discovered classical
  conditioning while doing experiments on the
  digestive system of dogs

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Pavlovs Method of Collecting Saliva
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Pavlovs Research Apparatus
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Pavlovs Experiment
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Pavlovs Experiment
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Pavlovs Experiment
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Generalization and Discrimination

• Module 15 Classical Conditioning

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Generalization

• Process in which an organism produces the same
  response to two similar stimuli
• The more similar the substitute stimulus is to
  the original used in conditioning, the stronger
  the generalized response

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Generalization
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Discrimination

• A process in which an organism produces different
  responses to two similar stimuli
• The subject learns that one stimuli predicts the
  UCS and the other does not.

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Classical Conditioning in Everyday LifeLittle
Albert

• Module 15 Classical Conditioning

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Little Albert

• 11-month-old infant
• Watson and his assistant, Rosalie Rayner,
  conditioned Albert to be frightened of white rats
• Led to questions about experimental ethics

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Little Albert Before Conditioning
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Little Albert During Conditioning
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Little Albert After Conditioning
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Little Albert - Generalization
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Classical Conditioning in Everyday LifeTaste
Aversion

• Module 15 Classical Conditioning

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Taste Aversion

• Subjects become classically conditioned to avoid
  specific tastes, because the tastes are
  associated with nausea.
• John Garcia (1917- )

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Cognition and Biological Predispositions

• Module 15 Classical Conditioning

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Robert Rescorla (1940- )

• Developed a theory emphasizing the importance of
  cognitive processes in classical conditioning
• Pointed out that subjects had to determine
  (think) whether the CS was a reliable predictor
  of the UCS

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Biological Perspective

• We are predisposed to learn things that affect
  our survival.
• We are predisposed to avoid threats our ancestors
  faced--food that made us sick, storms, heights,
  snakes, etc.--but not modern-day threats--cars,
  water pollution, etc.

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The End