S1 L2 Evaluation of plant drugs

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S1 L2 Evaluation of plant drugs

• 1. Botanical
• A. Macroscopy
• Anna Drew

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Evaluation of plant materials

• Eg for pharmacopoeial purposes
• 1. Botanically
• 2. Chemically
• 3. Biologically
• Often need the combination of all 3

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1. Botanically

• Authentication of material
• Genus species botanist family
• Eg Cinnamomum verum J.S.Presl.
• (Vernacular name kurundu etc)
• (Common name Cinnamon)
• (Latin name Cortex Cinnamomi Ceylanici)
• Part of the plant -
• Dried inner bark of the shoots grown on cut stock
  or trunk bark

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Description

• Sensory characters
• Colour, odour, taste
• Macroscopical
• Fibrous etc
• Rarely get whole plant to identify
• Organ may be fragmented
• Only part of plant may be sent
• Microscopical
• Sections (transverse, longitudinal etc)
• Soften maceration 5KOH first
• Depigmentation to see chloral hydrate etc

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2. Chemically

• Quantitative
• Need to develop assay
• Titration
• Coloured derivative spectroscopy
• Chromatography more specific
• Ash value
• H2O content
• Qualitative
• Extractive value certain weight plant material
• Volatile oil steam distillation
• Tannins complex with skin heat with hide
  powder
• Saponins froth with beer haemolyses red blood
  cells

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• 3. Biological
• Assay to measure active ingredient
• Ethical?
• 1. BOTANICAL aspects
• Identification of plant material
• Essential to recognise diagnostic structures
• Quality assurance
• A. Macroscopy
• Naked eye
• Hand lens

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Diagnostic structures

• Living plant may include one or more
• Leaf
• Flower
• Fruit
• Seed
• Stem
• Bark
• Root
• Rhizome (underground stem)

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The "Typical" Plant Body The Root System

• The "Typical" Plant Body The Root System
• Underground (usually)
• Anchor the plant in the soil
• Absorb water and nutrients
• Conduct water and nutrients
• Food Storage
• The Shoot System
• Above ground (usually)
• Elevates the plant above the soil
• Many functions including
• photosynthesis
• reproduction dispersal
• food and water conduction
• Note the shoot system includes the leaves
  reproductive organs

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Leaves

• Appendages to stem
• blade / lamina
• petiole (stalk)
• Wide variety of external features
• leaf or leaflet
• simple or compound
• shape
• apex
• margin
• base
• petiole
• venation
• vein angle
• texture
• size

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i Composition
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• ii Size
• Measure length and breadth of several leaves,
  leaflets and record a range of sizes

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iv Apex
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• vi Base sessile (no stalk) or petiolate
  (stalk)
• lamina equal or unequal at base

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vii Surface

• Adaxial (upper) and abaxial (lower) leaf surfaces
  may vary and differ from each other
• Pubescent leaf hairs and trichomes
• Glaborous smooth
• Other specialised features - oil ducts
• Venation parallel, pinnate, reticulate
• Midrib / veins prominent , depressed
• Number and angle of lateral veins
• If lateral veins run straight to margin, divide
  or anastomose

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Flowers

• Indeterminate or racemose
• Central axis from which pedicels arise
• Raceme
• Corymb
• Spike
• Umbel
• Head
• Panicle
• Determinate or cymose
• Central bud becomes flower, no further growth
  possible
• Diachasium
• Sympodial cyme

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Barks

• Shape in commerce
• Flats, curved, channel,
• quill, double quill, compound quill
• Epiphyte tissue on outer surface
• Lichen, moss, liverwort
• Outer surface
• Colour, texture, lenticels, cracks
• Inner surface
• Colour markings
• Fracture
• Fibrous, starchy

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Roots Rhizomes

• Shape, size, colour
• Surface markings
• Transverse surface markings
• Roots have rootlet scars
• Solid xylem core
• Rhizomes have central pith, scale leaves, buds

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Seeds

• Shape
• Size
• Colour
• Surface markings
• Micropyle (hole in seed coat)
• Hilum (funicular scar on seed coat)
• Raphe (ridge formed from fused funiculas)
• Aril (outgrowth from hilum)
• Caruncle (outgrowth from micropyle)
• Strophiole (outgrowth from raphe)
• Wings
• Plumes

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Fruits

• Wide variety
• Dry fruits
• Eg cremocarps (Umbelliferae)
• Eg legumes (Senna)
• Eg capsules (Poppy)
• Succulent fruits
• Eg drupes (Olive)
• Eg berries (orange, Solanaceae fruits)
• Etc
• 2 mericarps each with seed 1 cremocarp
• Eg coriander

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• Pericarp - development of ovary wall
• 3 layers - epicarp (outer epidermis)
• - endocarp (inner with modified layers)
• - mesocarp , succulent, pithy, spongy
  parenchyma

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• Separate mericarps or entire cremocarps
• Shape from lateral and dorsal views
• Stylopod
• Number of primary ridges
• Any secondary ridges
• Colour
• Size