WHI SOL Review

1
How did physical geography impact
the lives of early humans?
Living near water was important because it helped
in nourishment, hygiene, trade, travel,
agriculture, and provided jobs. Climate
determined what conditions the early people
faced. It also determined where they could live
and on what routes they could travel.
2
Homo Sapiens
Also called cro-magnons, they were similar to us,
but had distinct physical differences. Such as,
they had a much bigger skull and used the hair on
their bodies to keep them warm.
3
How long ago were the first
humans on earth?
The first humans in east-central Africa were here
100,000 to 400,000 years ago.
4
How did early humans survive?
They were nomads. They traveled from place to
place to follow the animals and find ripening
fruit. They would use stone, bone, and wood to
make their tools out of. The nomads adapted to
the weather. They would make jackets from the
animal skins and get under cliffs and in caves
during the long winters.
By Ross Franklin
5
Where did the first humans originate and where
did they spread to?
The first humans lived in East Africa. They then
migrated north and east in to Europe and Asia.
They lived in small hunting and food gathering
bands numbering about 20-30 people. The men
hunted and fished and the women picked fruits and
berries. They all contributed to each other.
By Ross Franklin
6
Paleolithic Age

• Old Stone Age
• They were Nomads ( People who follow their food )
• Used stone, wood, and bones for tools
• For clothes they wrapped in animal skins
• They took refuge in caves or under rocky
  overhangs during the long winter
• Learned how to build fires for warmth and to cook

By Ross Franklin
7
Mesolithic Age

• Middle Stone Age
• First wooden boat

By Ross Franklin
8
Neolithic Age

• They learned to farm and by producing their own
  food, they could remain in one place.
• Farmers settled into permanent villages and
  developed a new range of skills and tools.
• People learned to domesticate animals.
• They herded the animals to good grasslands or
  penned them in rough enclosures.
• Animals provided people with a source of protein.
• They created the first calendars.
• They learned to weave cloth from animal hair or
  vegetable fibers.

9
Nomads

• Paleolithic people they traveled from place to
  place.
• People depended wholly on their environment for
  survival.
• They found ways to adapt there surroundings.
• They made simple tools and weapons out of the
  materials at hand-stone, bone, or wood.
• To endure the cold, they invented clothing.
• They took refuge in caves or under rocky
  overhangs during the long winters.
• They also learned to build fires for warmth and
  cooking.

10
Clans

• Shang kings were likely the heads of important
  clans.
• Group of families who claimed a common ancestor.
• Clans controlled most of land.

11
Cave art

• Portray animals such as deer, horses, and
  buffaloes.
• Some cave paintings show stick-figure people.
• Paintings often lie deep in the caves, far from a
  bands living quarters.
• A early religious beliefs.
• Hundred of painted animals that appeared to
  prance over the calcite-covered walls and
  ceilings.
• Cave paintings have been part of animist
  religious rituals.

12
How and when did agriculture develop?

• Agriculture developed as a way to have food in
  the winter months when animals hibernated and
  were scarce.
• The first crops grown were most likely grains
  and seeds found from different plants and trees.
• First traces of agriculture show up as early as
  the middle stone age
• Agriculture spread through diffusion rather than
  invention, as neighboring bands would cage or
  steal seeds and plants to try and start farming
  that appeared easier than hunting and moving
  around a lot.

13
How did agriculture and the domestication of
animals affect humans?

• Nomads no longer had to move around to get food
• Once agriculture was developed the domesticated
  animals helped to pull plows and wagons to trade
  with neighboring tribes
• Development of civilizations and cities
• Religious ceremonies (more intense), temples,
  and shrines.
• Development of laws and government over time.

14
Advantages of New Stone Age

• New civilizations
• Iron and bronze weapons
• Advances in Agriculture (plows, domestications
  of animals.)
• Government development over time (laws, leaders)
• Temples and advanced religious ceremonies.

15
Archeology
the study of past cultural behavior, from the
beginnings of the human species to events that
happened yesterday, through the material remains,
or artifacts, that people leave behind
16
What is history?

• History is the knowledge of the past gained
  through the study of written records.

17
What is anthropology?

• Anthropology is the study of the origins and
• development of people and their societies

18
Stonehenge

• A group of standing stones on Salisbury Plain in
  southern England. Dating to c. 2000-1800 B.C.,
  the megaliths are enclosed by a circular ditch
  and embankment that may date to c. 2800. The
  arrangement of the stones suggests that
  Stonehenge was used as a religious center and as
  an astronomical observatory.

19
19.What were the first four major river valley
civilizations?

• Indus River- Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa
• Huang He and Yangzi- China
• Tigris and Euphrates- Mesopotamia/Fertile
  Crescent
• Nile- Egypt

20
20.Why did the first permanent civilizations
develop around major rivers?

• Good irrigation systems, easier trade, water on
  demand, farming, and stable food source.

21
21.When did these early civilizations exist?

• 3200 B.C.- 256 B.C.

22
The Hebrews, The Phoenicians, The Kush

• The Hebrews settled in Israel
• The Phoenicians occupied the string of cities
  along the Eastern Mediterranean coast, in the
  area which today is Lebanon and Syria
• The Kush settled on the south of Africa

23
What was their government like?

• They had very strict law and rules
• Trade was a very resourceful, they relied on it
  a lot
• They were all near water resources

24
Code of Hammurabi

• This, the earliest known written legal code, was
  composed about 1780 B.C. by Hammurabi, the ruler
  of Babylon. This text was excavated in 1901 it
  was carved on an eight foot high stone monolith.
  The harsh system of punishment expressed in this
  text prefigures the concept of 'an eye for an
  eye'. The Code lays out the basis of both
  criminal and civil law, and defines procedures
  for commerce and trade. This text was redacted
  for 1,500 years, and is considered the
  predecessor of Jewish and Islamic legal systems
  alike

25
The 10 Commandments

• The Ten Commandments were given to Moses, the
  great leader of the Hebrews, over 3,000 years ago
  after the Hebrews were delivered from slavery in
  Egypt. While the Law of Moses is made up of over
  600 rules, the Ten Commandments were a brief list
  of rules from which the others were developed.

26
(No Transcript)
27
26.) What are the eight features of these early
civilizations?

• 1.) Cities
• 2.) Organized Central Governments
• 3.) Complex religions
• 4.) Job Specialization
• 5.) Social Classes
• 6.) Arts/ Architecture
• 7.) Public Works
• 8.) Writing

28
27.) What early religious traditions developed in
ancient civilizations?

• They started out being polytheistic and later on
  they became monotheistic.
• They had a God for everything. Later some
  societies religions evolved into having just one
  God.

29
28.) What is monotheism?

• Monotheism is the belief of one God.

30
Polytheism

• The belief in multiple gods is probably the
  result of an earlier belief in vaguely defined
  spirits, demons and other supernatural forces.
  These belief systems are similar to animism,
  ancestor worship and totemism. However, in
  polytheism, these supernatural forces are
  personified and organized into a cosmic family.
  This "family" becomes the nucleus of a particular
  culture's belief system. The family of gods was
  used to explain natural phenomena and to
  establish a culture's role in the universe.
  Typically, the number of gods would expand as the
  culture's belief system developed, eventually
  resulting in a hierarchical system of deities.
  Over time, the lesser gods would diminish in
  stature or vanish altogether.

31
What are the beliefs of Judaism?

• Judaism is a monotheistic religion. The Jewish
  People believe there is one God who created and
  rules the world. This God is omnipotent (all
  powerful), omniscient (all knowing) and
  omnipresent (in all places at all times). God is
  also just and merciful. Judaism believes the Land
  of Israel was part of the covenant made between
  God and the Jewish People at Mount Sinai. Since
  the time of Abraham, there has been a continual
  Jewish presence in the Land of Israel.

32
Abraham

• Abraham was the first of the Hebrew patriarchs of
  the Old Testament. To test Abraham's faith, God
  commanded him to make a burnt offering of his
  son, Isaac. Torn between great love for his son
  and his desire to obey God's command, Abraham
  decided that his duty to God ultimately took
  precedence. He bound Isaac, laid him on the altar
  and drew his knife. At that moment an angel
  appeared and grasped Abraham's hand saying, "Now
  I know that you are a god-fearing man. You have
  not withheld from me your son." Greatly relieved,
  Abraham saw a ram caught in a thicket which he
  sacrificed instead.

33
Moses

• Hebrew prophet
• Founder of Israel
• Moses killed an Egyptian who murdered a Hebrew
• Moses renewed the covenant binding agreement
• Moses led the Israelites in their escape from
  Egypt

34
Jerusalem

• Arabic capital largest city of Israel
• A holy city for three of the worlds major
  religions Judaism, Christianity, Islam

35
Exile/ Diaspora

• The scattering of people
• Jewish communities outside Israel
• Jews outside Israel considered themselves in
  exile.

36
Torah
Jewish holy book. Similar to Christian Bible.
37
How did Judaism influence Western civilization?

• It influenced Christianity and Islam, two other
  major world religions
• Jews spread across the world and taught their
  faith
• Similarities between Christianity and Judaism
• Monotheistic-belief in one God
• Belief in the SAME God
• Same history/same prophets/Ten Commandments

38
Pictograms
Drawings used to represent a word. The earliest
writings were made of these.
39
Hieroglyphics
Egyptian form of picture writing. Used to keep
important records in ancient Egypt.
40
Cuneiform
Cuneiform comes form Latin words Cuneus which
means wedge and Forma which means shape.
Pictograms, or drawings representing actual
things, were the basis for cuneiform writing.
Cuneiform was written on clay tablets, and then
baked hard in a kiln. Cuneiform was adapted by
the Akkadians, Babylonians, Sumerians and
Assyrians to write their own languages and was
used in Mesopotamia for about 3000 years .
Cuneiform was created by the Sumerians.
41
Who created the first alphabet?
The Phoenicians created the first alphabet.
42
What is the importance of the Nile River?
Its yearly flooding provided the region with
silt, or rich soil, from which it could grow
crops. It also provided the Egyptians with a way
to trade and travel. The Nile was also a key part
of Egyptians religion. It was seen to give and
take away life with its great floods.
43
What cultural contributions did the Egyptians
make?

• The Egyptians were polytheistic, They believed in
  an after life so they would mummify the dead and
  buried their dead with things they would need in
  the after life. They built pyramids for the
  pharaohs, so they would have everything they
  needed in the afterlife. The Egyptians had a
  system of writing called hieroglyphics. They made
  a form of paper called papyrus. They used
  medicine that we still use to day, they made a
  calendar. They also had statues, paintings, poems.

44
How did Persia govern its empire?

• They had a ruler who would make laws collect
  taxes. They split their empire into several
  different regions, each of which had its own
  governor.

45
Cyrus the Great

• Conquered the largest empire, Persia was
  stretched from Asia minor to India, Turkey Iran,
  Egypt, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.

46
Zoroastrianism

• A new religion that said there is one wise god
  named ahora Mazda he ruled the world. He was at
  constant battle with Ahriman the prince of lies
  and evil. Zoroaster taught that all individuals
  would be judged for their actions. Those who done
  good would enter paradise those who done bad
  would be condemned to eternal suffering.

47
What was the most important contribution of the
Babylonians?

• The Hanging Gardens which is known as one of the
  wonders of the ancient world. The gardens were
  probably made by planting trees and flowering
  plants on the steps of a huge ziggurat. According
  to legend, Nebuchadnezzar had the gardens built
  to please his wife, who was homesick for the
  hills where she had grown up.

48
What physical geographic factors influenced the
development of Indian civilization?

• First of all, the Indian subcontinent is divided
  into three major zones the well-watered northern
  plain, the dry triangular Deccan, and the coastal
  plains on either side of the Deccan. Plus, this
  fertile region is watered by mighty rivers like
  the Indus, which gives Indias its name, the
  Ganges, and the Brahmaputra. These rivers and
  their tributaries carry melting snow from the
  mountains to the plains, making agriculture
  possible.

49
What impact did the Aryans have on India?

• Due to the acculturation, the people shared a
  common culture rooted in both Aryan and Dravidian
  traditions. By this time, the Indian people had
  developed a written language called Sanskrit.
  Priests now began writing down the sacred texts.
  The Aryans, despite the new written language,
  they preserved a strong oral traditions. They
  continued to memorize and recite ancient hymns,
  as well as long epic poems.

50
Describe the Caste System

• The caste system or social group is into which
  people are born and which they cannot change.
  Indians use the word jati to describe their
  social system. The Portuguese, who reached India
  in the late 1400s used the word caste, which
  other Europeans adopted.

51
How was the caste system central to the Indian
culture?

• The caste system was central to the Indian
  culture because it provided stability and order
  to their lives.
• Also, every caste member had their own place in
  society and believed that the law of karma
  determined their caste.
• People in the caste system depended on and helped
  one another, if they were in the same level of
  society.
• People with diverse customs lived side by side in
  harmony.

52
What were the contributions of the Gupta Empire?

• The Gupta rule was a period of great cultural
  achievements.
• The system of Arabic numerals was developed and
  put into practice.
• Exports of cotton cloth, pottery, and metalware
  were abundant.
• Doctors and surgeons performed simple surgeries,
  set broken bones, began using herbs and other
  remedies to treat illnesses, and administered
  vaccinations for smallpox.

53
What were the characteristics of the Hindu
religion?

• Hindus believed in more than one God.
• The ultimate goal of existence for Hindus was to
  achieve moksha (a union with Brahman, a spiritual
  force).
• Hindus believed in reincarnation.
• Hindus believed that everything in existence had
  a rank or a status in life.
• A primary moral principle of Hinduism was ahimsa,
  or nonviolence. They believed that all people
  and things should be respected.

54
Reincarnation

• The Egyptians thought the soul transmigrated from
  body to body and this was a reason why they
  embalmed the body in order to preserve it so that
  it could journey along with ka, an animating
  force that was believed to be counterpart of the
  body, which would accompany it in the next world
  or life. Ka might be considered equivalent to the
  term of soul.

55
Reincarnation continued

• The belief is thought to have been an necessity
  among primitive peoples. Certainly long before
  ancient Egypt peoples believed in transmigration
  of the soul. If they were not sophisticated
  enough to understand the concept of a soul, then
  they may have simply called it life. An
  individual or object which moved had life, and
  the one which did not, did not have life. This is
  analogous to the belief of animism.

56
Reincarnation.continued 2

• Gradually the concept of a soul developed with a
  further realization that the soul departed the
  body at death and entered the body at birth. Soon
  it was thought the soul leaving a dead body would
  seek another body to enter, or enter an animal of
  a lower life form. It was also thought the soul
  left the body during sleep. This soul was
  pictured as vapors that entered and left through
  the nostrils and mouth.

57
Karma

• In Buddhist teaching, the law of karma, says only
  this for every event that occurs, there will
  follow another event whose existence was caused
  by the first, and this second event will be
  pleasant or unpleasant according as its cause was
  skillful or unskillful.' A skillful event is one
  that is not accompanied by craving, resistance or
  delusions an unskillful event is one that is
  accompanied by any one of those things. (Events
  are not skillful in themselves, but are so called
  only in virtue of the mental events that occur
  with them.)

58
Karma

• Therefore, the law of Karma teaches that
  responsibility for unskillful actions is born by
  the person who commits them.
• Let's take an example of a sequence of events. An
  unpleasant sensation occurs. A thought arises
  that the source of the unpleasantness was a
  person. (This thought is a delusion any
  decisions based upon it will therefore be
  unskillful.) A thought arises that some past
  sensations of unpleasantness issued from this
  same person. (This thought is a further
  delusion.) This is followed by a willful decision
  to speak words that will produce an unpleasant
  sensation in that which is perceived as a person.

59
Karma

• Have you ever heard someone say it's there karma,
  or they have bad computer karma? They are
  referring to the sum of there actions in the past
  working out in the present. Karma can be
  accumulated and takes time to bear fruit. When
  you plant a seed it usually takes some time for
  it to grow into a fruit-bearing tree. Another
  aspect is that the tree bears many fruit. So
  there is a delay in time and a multiplication in
  result.Karma also works on multiple levels.
  Your emotions and thoughts also cause effects on
  a emotional and mental level. When looking at a
  situation karmaically this should also be taken
  into account.

60
Vedas and Upanishads

• The word Veda means knowledge, and the Vedas are
  considered the most sacred scripture of Hinduism
  referred to as sruti, meaning what was heard by
  or revealed to the rishis or seers. The most holy
  hymns and mantras put together into four
  collections called the Rig, Sama, Yajur, and
  Atharva Vedas are difficult to date, because they
  were passed on orally for about a thousand years
  before they were written down. More recent
  categories of Vedas include the Brahmanas or
  manuals for ritual and prayer, the Aranyakas or
  forest texts for religious hermits, and the
  Upanishads or mystical discourses.

61
Vedas and Upanishads

• The hymns of the Rig Veda are considered the
  oldest and most important of the Vedas, having
  been composed between 1500 BC and the time of the
  great Bharata war about 900 BC. More than a
  thousand hymns are organized into ten mandalas or
  circles of which the second through the seventh
  are the oldest and the tenth is the most recent.
  The Hindu tradition is that even the Vedas were
  gradually reduced from much more extensive and
  ancient divine revelations but were perverted in
  the recent dark age of Kaliyuga. As the only
  writings from this ancient period of India, they
  are considered the best source of knowledge we
  have but the ethical doctrines seem to have
  improved from the ancient hymns to the mystical
  Upanishads.

62
Vedas and Upanishads

• The Sama Veda contains the melodies or music for
  the chants used from the Rig Veda for the
  sacrifices almost all of its written verses are
  traceable to the Rig Veda, mostly the eighth and
  ninth books and most to Indra, Agni, or Soma.
  These are considered the origin of Indian music
  and probably stimulated great artistry to make
  the sacrifices worthwhile to their patrons who
  supported the priests. The Sama Veda helped to
  train the musicians and functioned as a hymnal
  for the religious rites.

63
Vedas and Upanishads

• Though also following many of the hymns of the
  Rig Veda, the Yajur Veda deviates more from the
  original text in its collection of the ritual
  formulas for the priests to use in the
  sacrifices, which is what yaja means. It explains
  how to construct the altars for new and full-moon
  sacrifices and other ceremonies. The Yajur Veda
  has two collections or samhitas called White and
  Black, the latter being more obscure in its
  meanings.

64
Vedas and Upanishads

• The latest and fourth Veda is in a different
  category. For a long time many referred to only
  three Vedas, by which complete ceremonies could
  be conducted with the Rig hotr reciting, the Sama
  udgatri singing, and the Yajur adhvaryu
  performing the ritual. Even later the Atharvan
  Brahmin's part was often performed unaccompanied
  by the other three priests. Also much of it draws
  from the customs and beliefs of pre-Aryan or
  pre-Vedic India. The Atharva Veda is much longer
  than the Sama and Yajur and only about a sixth of
  it is from the Rig Veda.

65
How did Hinduism influence Indian Society?

• Hinduism has had a long and continuous evolution
  and in the process has influenced all other major
  world religions.
• Indian or Hindu civilization has been molded and
  shaped in the course of its history more by
  religious than by political, or economic,
  influences.
• The fundamental principles of social, political,
  and economic life were welded into a
  comprehensive theory which is called Religion in
  Hindu thought.

66
What are the Characteristics of Buddhism?

• The first characteristic of Buddhism is Karma.
• Karma- action or deed, any moral or immoral
  violation.
• This is the most important doctrine and the most
  difficult. It is also the one to be easily
  misunderstood.
• The second characteristic of Buddhism is
  conditioned Genesis.
• Condition Genesis- unchangeable truth of life and
  the universe.
• Conditioned Genesis is based on the Law of Cause
  and Effect.

• The third Characteristic of Buddhism is Sunyata.
• Sunyata- emptiness.
• Sunyata is used by Mahayanist to explain the
  existence of this world and universe.
• The fourth Characteristic of Buddhism is the
  Three Dharma Seals.
• Three Dharma Seals- three characteristics of
  existence.

67
Siddhartha Guatemala

• Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Guatemala.
• He lived in Northern India from 560 B.C to 480
  B.C.
• After his death a cult formed and they focused
  on stupas and holy sites.
• After he died 500 monks were held at the
  Rajagrha and all the Buddha sermons and the rules
  of the decibel we remembered and recited.
• In century 2 A.D. they made a school called the
  Madhyamikc School.

68
Four Noble Truths

• The Four Noble Truths
• The Truth of Suffering (Dukkha)
• The Truth of the Cause of Suffering (Samudaya)
• The Truth of the End of Suffering (Nirodha)
• The Truth of the Path Leading to the End of
  Suffering (Marga)

69
Eightfold Path to Enlightenment

• Though the Eightfold Path is the supreme method
  of achieving enlightenment and to becoming a
  better person, it is very difficult for a normal
  person to be able to practice without this
  necessary aspect of Buddhism.
• It is organized into three categories wisdom,
  virtue, and concentration

70
What was Asokas role in spreading Buddhism?

• Asoka was the grandson of Chandragupta who was
  the founder of the Mauryan dynasty
• Asoka adopted the peaceful aspects of Buddhism
  and declared that there forth his conquests
  should be conquests of religion.
• From then on Asoka spread the word of the
  Buddhist religion throughout the empire and into
  China.

71
Why was the Great Wall of China built?

• During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, separate
  walls were built between Chinese regions which
  were fighting with each other.
• The walls were also built to protect China from
  outside invaders.
• Emperor Shi Huangdi of the Qin dynasty thought
  of the idea of the Great Wall and ordered his
  workers to connect the old walls with new ones to
  protect them from invasions (mainly the Mongols)

72
Silk Roads

• There was a network of market towns along the
  road and since silk was in such high demand, many
  other trade routes connected and/or branched off
  of the Silk Road.
• The Silk Road wasnt the safest place (mountains,
  robbers, desserts) but it allowed new ideas to
  spread from place to place such as paper and
  glass making

• The Silk Road was the most important trade route
  before the discovery of the sea route to India.
  It stretched along the edges of deserts and
  mountains from China to Rome, connecting China to
  the west.

73
Mandate of heaven

• The concept that the kings rule was based on the
  blessing of heaven and that if a king rules
  unwisely, heaven would not like it and give the
  mandate to someone else.
• This concept was first used on the Zhou dynasty
  in China.

74
Contributions of China to Civilization

• The Chinese developed a smallpox vaccine,
  invented the spinning wheel, and pioneered in the
  use of arches in bridge building.

WOW!
75
What is Confucianism?

• Confucians believe that in society there are five
  key relationships Father to son, elder brother
  to young brother, husband to wife, ruler to
  subject, and friend to friend. They also believed
  that had certain duties and responsibilities they
  had to stay with, like how superiors should care
  for their inferiors while inferiors show loyalty
  to their superiors.

76
What is Confucianism?

• Confucianism spread because his ideas and
  philosophies were used in everyday life Chinese
  rulers relied on it to pick Confucian scholars as
  officials and the Confucian emphasis in filial
  piety bolstered traditional customs

77
What is Daoism

• Daoism was not concerned with bringing order to
  human affairs.Instead Daoists sought to live in
  harmony with nature.Daoists rejected conflict and
  strife.They wanted to end the conflict between
  human desires and the simple ways of
  nature.Daoists thought the best government was
  the one who governed the least.

78
Yin/Yang

• Gained control of a corner of northern China,
  along the Huang He.
• During this period, Chinese civilization first
  took shape.
• Kings led other noble warriors in battle.
• Social classes were royal families, noble
  warriors, artisans and merchants, then peasants
• Yin and Yang were opposite forces that worked to
  balance each other.

79
Impact of Confucianism and Taoism on Chinese
Society

• Confucianism and Taoism changed the whole view of
  Chinese society.
• It influenced people to become more educated.
• More than a third of the worlds population came
  under the influence of these ideas.
• Chinese civilizations spread, hundreds of
  millions of people in Korea, Japan, and Vietnam
  accepted these beliefs.

80
Mountains and Seas helped Greek political and
social development

• Mountains divided Greece into parts which made up
  the Greek city-states.
• The seas provided great harbors for ships. Which
  was for trade. Greeks became skilled sailors,
  carrying cargoes of olive oil, wine, and marble
  around the eastern Mediterranean.
• Mountains and seas led to the expansion of
  Greece.
• Trade help build a better economy

81
GREEK CITY-STATES

• First people to settle in Greece was the Minoans
  in 1750B.C.
• The Mycenae took over Greece in about 1400B.C.
• Settled on the Balkan peninsula
• The Greeks who farmed the valleys or settled on
  inlands did not create a very large empire
• Were not very united because of the many
  mountains any seas that they had to cross to get
  to each other
• The two major city states were Athens and Sparta
• The city states steadily disappeared at the end
  of the Peloponnesian war
• Their economies were formed around ship building,
  trade, and the growth of a few agricultural
  products that could be grown on their land
  (olives, grapes)

82
FEATURES OF GREEK CITY STATES

• Were very successful sailors
• Thrived through sea trade with each other
• Was also successful fishermen
• Had many deposits of silver, gold, iron, and
  marble
• Raided olive oil, wine, marble, gold and other
  materials that was in there cities
• Architects made many magnificent buildings
• Mainly the Parthenon

83
ATHENS

• Athens moved from monarchy to aristocracy to
  democracy to a tyrant
• Males were the only ones able to participate in
  government
• There were tens of thousands of slaves throughout
  Athens yet Athens offered the most freedom in
  the Greek city states
• Boys were the only ones who could go to school
  and that was only if there family could afford it
• Men received military training
• ten golden years were the years after the
  Persian wars when Athens made many of their
  lasting cultural contributions.
• The end of Athens, in terms of real power, was a
  century or so after the Peloponnesian war

84
Sparta A Nation of Soldiers

• Spartans were Dorians who had conquered Laconia
• They lived in the Peloponnesus, the southern
  part of Greece
• They had helots, which were people who were
  state-owned slaves they made them work the land
• Spartans felt a need for a strong military state
  because they feared a possible revolt from the
  helots who greatly outnumbered the Spartans.

Government

• Government included two kings and a council of
  elders who advised these monarchs. They also had
  an assembly of all citizens who approved major
  decisions.
• Spartan assembly of citizens male, native born
  Spartans, and over the age of 30.
• Assembly also elected five ephors officials
  who held real power and ran day-to-day affairs.

85
Spartan Women
Spartan Childhood

• Continually prepared for military state
• future mothers were required to be healthy to
  have a healthy child.
• newborns were examined at birth, the sickly were
  left to die.

• Girls also had a hard upbringing
• They were expected to produce healthy sons for
  the army so they were required to exercise to
  strengthen their bodies.
• Women had to obey fathers or husbands and were
  treated fully with their rights, like that they
  were able to inherit property.
• Women ran the family estates while the men were
  occupied with war.

• At the age of 7, boys began their training.
• they moved into barracks where they were allowed
  a course diet, hard exercise and rigid
  discipline.
• They were given only one piece of clothing to
  wear year round and they were made to sleep
  outside on the hard ground.
• they developed cunning to supplement their diets
  because they were encouraged to steal food if
  they were caught, they were beaten

Sparta and its Neighbors

• Sparta isolated itself from other Greeks.
• They did not like trade or wealth .
• They forbade citizens to travel
• They had little use for new ideas or the arts.
• There were no other city-states that put to use
  military skills as much as Sparta did.

• At the age of 20, men could marry but still had
  to live in the barracks for 10 more years and eat
  there for another 40 years.
• At the age of 30, men would endure more training
  and then enter the assembly.

86
Why did the Greeks feel the need to colonize new
areas?

• Before 750 B.C., the Greeks were already living
  near many seas and had become skilled sailors by
  carrying cargo across the eastern Mediterranean.

• By 750 B.C., rapid population growth forced many
  Greeks to leave their valleys and head overseas.
  Scattered colonies started to take root around
  the Mediterranean from Spain to Egypt.

87
How did Greek mythology help explain the
- Stories of gods and goddesses helped to
explain the values and way of life of the Greek
people. - Each of their gods was said to
preside over a certain field of nature or human
affairs. - For example, their god Zeus presided
over the affairs of all gods and humans. -
Aphrodite controlled the love affairs of humans,
Ares was the god of war, and Athena was the
goddess of wisdom. - Later, some Greeks thinkers
came to believe that the universe was regulated
and not controlled by these gods. They believed
that the universe has natural laws.
natural world and disasters that happened to
poeple?
88
What impact did Greek mythology have on later
cultures?

• Alexander the Great founded many new cities in
  which Greek soldiers, traders, and artisans
  settled.
• They built Greek temples and filled them with
  Greek statues that portrayed their gods and
  goddesses. Local people then started coming to
  the cities and absorbed all these Greek ideas.
• The Romans shared the Italian peninsula with
  other people such as the Greeks and Etruscans
  (who actually controlled them). The Romans
  adopted the idea of having gods and goddesses.
• - Like the Greek god Zeus, the Romans had
  Jupiter. The Roman goddess Juno was like the
  Greek goddess Hera. The Roman god Neptune
  resembled the Greek god Poseidon and instead of
  the Greek god Ares, the Romans worshipped Mars.

89
Zeus

• Zeus was the youngest son of Cronus and Rheia.
• He was the supreme ruler of mount Olympus.
• Zeus (like his father before him) deposed his
  aged father from the throne of eternity.
• As Kronos was about to slay his father, Uranus,
  he was warned that his own son would someday
  depose him.
• Kronos swallowed the first of his children, but
  Rheia was smart and tricked Kronos substituted a
  stone for the infant and Kronos swallowed it
  down.
• Zeus was hidden and raised in secret until he was
  old enough to fulfill his destiny.
• One day he ambushed Kronos while out hunting.
  Zeus kicked Kronos in the stomach so hard the
  aged god vomited up the stone and the five
  divine, undigested gods and goddesses.
• In gratitude, and bowing to destiny, Zeus was
  unanimously declared leader of the immortals.
• Zeus made his domain the mountain tops and
  clouds, where he could survey and vitalize all
  creation.
• Zeus married his sister Hera.
• She was jealous and vengeful of her husbands
  affections

90
Apollo

• Apollo was the sun of Zeus and Leto.
• Apollo was the god of music, arts, archery, and
  divination.
• He represents order, harmony, and civilization in
  a way that most other Olympian deities cannot
  quite equal.
• Apollo is most often associated with the
  cultivated arts of music and medicine.
• His role as the leader of the Muses establishes
  him as a patron of intellectual pursuits.
• Apollo was the son of the Olympian Zeus.
• The brother of the goddess Artemis.
• Daphne was Apollo's first love.
• Apollo, as with Zeus his father, had many love
  affairs with goddesses and mortals.
• The most famous mortal loves of Apollo was
  Hecuba, she was the wife of Priam, the king of
  Troy.
• Asclepius, the god of healing, was also Apollo's
  offspring
• Apollo also, as did his father Zeus, fall in love
  with one of his own gender, Hyacinthus, a Spartan
  prince.
• According to one legend, it was Apollo who helped
  either Cretan or Arcadian colonists found the
  city of Troy.

91
Hera

• The queen of the Olympian deities
• She is a daughter of Cronus and Rhea, and wife
  and sister of Zeus.
• Hera was mainly worshipped as a goddess of
  marriage and birth.
• The children of Hera and Zeus are Hephaestus,
  Hebe, Ares.
• Thus they were born, not out of love but out of
  lust and hatred.
• Hera was constantly being jealous of Zeus's
  various amorous affairs.
• She punished her rivals and their children, among
  both goddesses and mortals, with implacable fury.
  She placed two serpents in the cradle of Heracles
• Sometimes when he got angry, he chained her to
  the mountain of Olympus by fastening anvils to
  her feet.
• He either hid his illegitimate children, or he
  changed them into animals. This was to keep Hera
  from hurting them.
• Peloponnesus, where she was worshipped as the
  town goddess.
• The peacock and the cow are her sacred animals.
• Hera is portrayed as a majestic, solemn woman.
• Her Roman counterpart is Juno.

92
Artemis

• In earlier times Artemis was identified as the
  earth goddess, now she is normally referred to as
  the goddess of wild life and the patroness of
  hunters
• Of all the animals her most sacred was the bear.
• She is symbolized by a bow and a deer, even
  though her favorite animal was the bear.

93
Athena

• Athena was the goddess of crafts, domestic arts,
  and those of war. Now she is regarded as the
  goddess of wisdom.
• She was the patron goddess of Athens, Greece.
• Her symbol is the owl.

94
Aphrodite

• Aphrodite is the goddess of love, beauty, and
  fertility.
• She is also known as the protector of sailors.
• This beautiful goddess is often associated with a
  dove or a goose.

95
How did democracy develop in Athens?

• The principle of democracy all started in Athens
  when Aristotles Constitution of the Athenians
  was written. From the base of this constitution
  we wrote our constitution, with the principles of
  Aristotles constitution. Pericles was the main
  person who instituted democracy in Athens.

96
Direct Democracy

• Direct democracy is about originating ideas as
  much as it is about approving them. In
  parliamentary democracy, people are never asked
  for their own ideas - they are only asked to
  approve or disapprove of ideas already
  prepared for them. In a direct democracy everyone
  participates.

97
Pericles

• Pericles was born in Athens in about 495 BC to a
  family of wealth and position
• He opened Athenian democracy to the ordinary
  citizen, he built the magnificent temples and
  statues on the Acropolis, and he created the
  Athenian empire.

98
Oligarchy

• Early form of government where the civilization
  is ruled by the small elite, usually from the
  business class of merchants and artisans.

99
How were the societies of Athens and Sparta
different?

• Athens is known for being the major city of
  education and democracy in Greece while Sparta
  was more military based. The boys were taken at a
  young age to start training. The citizens feared
  revolts from their state owned slaves called
  helots. Spartan women held more rights than
  Athens women, Spartan women had the right to own
  land and had to be physically fit. Athens was
  known for its excellent navy and trade was a
  major part of their economy while Sparta was
  known for its excellent military or on land
  combat.

100
Solon

• Athenian ruler who also helped in the development
  of democracy.
• He extended citizenship rights to more people,
  outlawed debt slavery, gave people more power and
  brought economic reforms

101
Draco

• Athenian ruler who helped in the development of
  democracy
• He was responsible for codifying the laws of
  Greece for the first time they were called
  draconian laws.

102
What were the three stages of government before
democracy spread in Athens?

• Monarchy- a government where a king or a queen
  has essential power.
• Aristocracy- a government where elite landowners
  ruled.
• Oligarchy- a government where a small group
  usually in the business class holds the most
  power.

103
What was the importance of the Persian Wars to
the development of Greek culture?
Victory in the Persian Wars brought Athens to be
one of the most powerful city-states. They
eventually formed the Delian League. Which
brought all of the Greek city-states to an
alliance in defense. Athens dominated the league
and other Greek city-states did not like Athens
having all of the power. When the other
city-states protested, Athens came back with
force. Eventually Sparta and Persia took over
Athens and the other city-states and that lead to
the downfall of Greece. So Greek culture
developed through the Persian Wars by coming
together and joining as one to form the Delian
League and later down falling.
104
MARATHON
At Marathon, Darius I sent an astounding force
from Aegean to punish Athens. The Persians
landed at Marathon in 490 B.C. Even though the
Persians out numbered the Athenians greatly,
Athens ended up crushing Persia in hand to hand
combat. Also after the battle of Marathon a man
ran from the battle scene the equivalence of a
Marathon to Athens. Once he got there to share
the news he collapsed.
105
The Battle of Salamis

• Part of the Persian wars ( Persians vs. Athenians
  )
• Athenians pulled Persian navy into the Salamis
  straight, one year later the Persian boats sank
  on land the Greeks defeated the Persians
• The last major battle of the Persian wars

106
What effect did the Peloponnesian wars have on
Greek power and influence?

• Athens was not totally destroyed, but it was
  severely weakened
• Sparta was even too weak to hold off attacks from
  outsiders
• This begins the decline of Greece

107
Parthenon

• Ancient Greek temple dedicated to the Greek
  goddess Athena Parthenos
• Doric Columns
• Built under the leadership of Pericles (447-432
  BC)
• Stands on the Acropolis, high above Athens,
  Greece

108
Aeschylus

• Creator of Greek theatre/drama
• Wrote many playwrights
• He fought in the at Athens in the Marathon to
  defeat Persia.
• His earliest work was The Persians
• He added two characters, whereas, before there
  had only been one, and he could show intrigue and
  conflict.
• He was born of a noble family
• He wrote tragedies.

Courtesy of Meredith lt3
109
Sophocles

• He made his first appearance at the City Dionysia
  in 486 B.C. when he was at the mere age of 28.
• Born in Athens 495 B.C.
• He was the son of a wealthy merchant.
• He wrote over 120 plays
• He won 18 times at the City of Dionysus
• He preformed in many of his own plays
• Despite his great playwrights, he did do other
  things, he served for many years as an ordained
  priest.
• He added the third actor
• He wrote Antigone, a great work which is still
  used today
• He died at 91.

Courtesy of Meredith lt3
110
Homer

• He was born on an island in Asia Minor
• He was a Greek poet
• He wrote the Iliad, which was the story of the
  siege of Troy.
• He wrote the OdysseyThe romantic tale of
  Odysseus struggling to get home from the war.
• He is believed to be born around 850 B.C.
• He went from village to village telling his
  stories orally.

Courtesy of Meredith lt3
111
Herodotus

• Often called the father of history
• Herodotus was the Greek historian who chronicled
  the Persian wars, which involved the Greek
  city-states Vs. Persia.
• Wrote the History, provides accurate details
  about other civilizations of the time.

112
Thucyidides

• Born in 460 B.C and died in 400 B.C
• The Greek historian who chronicled the
  Peloponnesian wars in which he himself fought in.
• His book,The History of The Peloponnesian War,
  provides accurate views on battles, historical
  names, and more.

113
Phidias

• Born in 500, died in 432.
• Lived during the classic age of Greece under
  Pericles.
• A famous Athenian sculptor who made the statue of
  Athena in the Parthenon in Athens.
• Also made the huge statue of Zeus in the Temple
  of Zeus in Olympia.

114
Doric Columns

• The simplest form of the columns.
• NO scrolls, and NO flowers or any decoration
• Shorter and wider than other columns with flat
  tops
• Buildings include the Parthenon.

115
Ionian Columns

• The second most decorative of the columns.
• Ionic columns are taller, and more slender than
  Doric columns.
• They are characterized by having scrolls at the
  tops of them.

116
Corinthian Columns

• The most decorated of the columns.
• Contains decorated scrolls at the top along with
  flowers.

117
Archimedes

• He was a Greek mathematician, physicist, and
  inventor.
• He made inventions that applied to the principles
  of physics.
• He used the lever and pulley.
• He is famous for his work in geometry on the
  circle, sphere, cylinder, and parabola.
• He is also well known for his work in physics,
  mechanics, and hydrostatistics.
• He developed Archimedes principle and
  Archimedes screw.
• He worked on creating a mathematical expression
  to express extremely large numbers.
• He also worked on calculating the value of p.

118
Hippocrates

• Lived around 400 B.C.
• He was a Greek physician who studied illnesses
  and looked for cures.
• He created the Hypocratic oath which set the
  ethical standards for doctors and is still in use
  today.
• Doctors promise to help the sick according to
  my ability and judgment but never with a view to
  injury and wrong and to protect the patients
  privacy.

Euclid

• Hellenistic mathematician that wrote The
  Elements, a book that became the basis for modern
  geometry.

119
Pythagorus

• Hellenistic mathematician that devised the
  Pythagorean Theorem (a²b²c²).
• This formula is used to calculate the
  relationship between the sides of a right
  triangle.

120
Socrates

• 469-399 B.C.
• Wrote nothing
• Most of what we know about him comes from Plato
• Plato was his student
• Thought knowledge was a living, interactive thing
• Philosophy was to question people

121
Socrates

• Elenchus-method of questioning (cross-examination)
  
• Dialect-idea that truth needs to be pursued by
  examining a persons position through questioning
• Unconcerned with physical or metaphysical
  questioning (Sophist)

122
Plato

• Socrates most famous student
• Founded his own school The Academy in 385 (most
  famous school at the time)
• Most famous pupil was Aristotle
• Wrote dialogues between Socrates
• Examined basic ethical issues
• Formed his own philosophy (more teaching)

123
Plato

• The Republic is his most famous dialogue
• Deals with how to live a good life, justice in
  the Senate, and justice for an individual
• Divides human beings into innate intelligence,
  strength, and courage
• Believed in aristocracy (rule by the best)
• Different societies (Producers, Auxiliaries,
  Guardians)

124
Aristotle

• Teacher was Plato
• Taught Alexander the Great
• Opened his own school the Lyceum
• Studied there for twelve years
• Disagreed on everything with Plato
• Wrote about poetics, rhetoric, ethics, politics,
  meteorology, embryology, physics, mathematics,
  analogy, etc

125
Aristotle

• Evidence-examined what people said, wrote, or did
  to solve a problem
• Studied over five hundred species of plants and
  animals
• Read one hundred and fifty eight constitutions of
  different governments
• Inductive reasoning-to observe as many possible
  examples of a specific subject

126
Aristotle

• Categorized knowledge by their objects and
  relative certainty
• Knowledge is characterized by precise
  explanations or probability
• Thought that everything was always moving and
  changing

127
What Effect Did Major Greek Thinkers Have on
Western Philosophy?

• Major Greek thinkers used methods to find truth,
  accepting nothing less than that, and also had
  opinions about society, making Western philosophy
  similar.
• Romans thought highly of the Hellenistic
  philosophy.

128
Hellenistic Culture

• During the Hellenistic age many cultures blended
  together, which led to new schools of thought,
  advances in learning and medicine.
• Schools of thought-Zeno founded Stoicism which
  urged people to avoid desires and disappointments
  by accepting calmly whatever life brought.
  Stoicism later influenced many Roman and
  Christian thinkers.
• Advances in learning- Pythagoras developed a
  formula to calculate the relation ship between
  sides of right triangles, Euclid wrote the
  elements which became the basis for modern
  geometry, Aristarchus argued that the earth
  rotated on an axis and orbited the sun which was
  a theory of heliocentric. Archimedes applied
  principles with physics and developed the pully.
• Medicine- Hippocrates developed cures for
  illnesses and his oath set ethical standards for
  doctors to come.
• During the Hellenistic period Rome emerged as a
  powerful new state after its conquest of Asia
  minor and replaced Greece and the Dominant power
  in the Mediterranean world

129
King Phillip II of Macedonia

• Philip II of Macedonia ruled from 359-336 B.C.E.
  Without the military and political efforts of
  Philip, Alexander would never have been as
  successful as he was.
• Philip came to power in 359 B.C.E. after the
  Macedonians had just suffered a defeat at the
  hands of the Illyrians. Macedonia was in
  political and military turmoil, and Philip
  immediately set about bringing the people of
  Macedonia under his control. After exacting
  revenge on the Illyrians by defeating them in 358
  B.C.E., Philip sought to bring all of Upper
  Macedonia under his control and make them loyal
  to him. His primary method of creating alliances
  and strengthening loyalties was through marriage.
  The most important marriage for Philip was to
  Olympias, from the royal house of Molossia. By
  357 B.C.E., they were married, and she gave birth
  to Alexander the next year.

130
Alexander the Great

• Alexander was 20 years old when he became king.
• Alexanders empire extended from Greece to Egypt
  and Macedonia to Persia.
• His greatest achievement was the spread of Greek
  and Hellenistic culture and he did that by
  conquering other countries.

131
The Growth of the Roman Empire

• Rome is located in the middle of the
  Mediterranean, on the Italian Peninsula.
• Because of its location, Rome was connected to
  all the major trade routes around the
  Mediterranean
• Being in the middle of the Mediterranean, Romes
  strategic location contributed to its rise in
  wealth and power.

132
What was Roman mythology based on?
The Greek Gods and Goddess

• Greek Zeus Roman Jupiter
• Greek Hera Roman Juno
• Greek Poseidon Roman Neptune
• Greek Ares Roman Mars

133
What impact did Roman mythology have on later
civilizations?

• Roman mythology played a huge role in developing
  culture and traditions in later civilizations.
  The art and literature based on this mythology
  later influenced writers and artists who created
  many paintings and sculptures to represent
  important mythological figures.
• A good example is the Byzantine empire that
  occurred shortly after the fall of the Rome. The
  Byzantine empire was extremely influenced by the
  traditions of ancient Roman mythology. It has
  inspired many to write poems, plays, and even
  operas.
• Without the heavy influence of Roman mythology,
  the world would be a very different place.

134
Jupiter
God of Light and Sky

• The supreme god in Roman mythology - equivalent
  to the Greek god Zeus
• Was originally the God of storms, thunder, and
  lightning
• Gradually became the highest God and the
  protector of the Roman people
• The protector of the state and its laws
• Had a temple on the capitol
• Generals honored Jupiter with sacrifices

135
Juno
Queen of Olympia

• The wife and sister of the God Jupiter -
  equivalent to the Greek God Hera
• The protector of women especially marriage and
  childbirth
• A special counselor and protector of the Roman
  state
• Special festival called Matronalia was held on
  March 1st and dedicated to her
• Month of June may have been named after her

136
Apollo
God of agriculture and of light and truth

• The son of Zeus and Leto
• The God of agriculture and cattle and of light
  and truth
• The powers and functions of the sun God Helios
  were given to him
• An excellent musician, especially on the lyre
• A swift athlete, said to be the first winner of
  the Olympic games
• His twin sister Artemis was the protector of
  young women, while he was the protector of young
  men

137
122. Diana - Roman goddess of hunting and
childbirth. 123. Minerva -
Roman goddess of wisdom, learning, war, and
crafts. 124. Venus - Roman goddess of love and
beauty. 125. Patricians - members of the
land-holding upper class of Rome.
138
Plebeians
The farmers, merchants, artisans, and traders who
made up the bulk of the population.

• they had little influence
• The efforts of the plebeians to gain power shaped
  politics in the early republic
• The plebeians protested that citizens couldnt
  know the laws, because they were not written down.

139
How did one become a citizen of Rome?

• Must live in Rome
• Must be a member of the upper or middle class
• Or emperor could grant you citizenship

140
How did the Roman republic become more democratic
in its decision making?

• It granted citizenship rights to more people.
• The Senate granted more power to bodies that
  represented the common people.

141
129-131

• 129Roman Senate- In the early republic the most
  powerful part of the government was the senate.
  All of the members were patricians- people of the
  landholding upper class. Each year two consuls
  were elected by the senate. In the event of war
  the senate would elect a dictator to take
  complete control of the government.
• 130Consuls- Once a year the senate elected two
  consuls. The consuls job was to supervise the
  business of the government and command the
  armies. Consuls could only serve one term. The
  consuls had to consult with the senate, thus
  giving the Roman govt a system of checks on
  power in the govt.
• 131Twelve Tables of Rome- The plebians protested
  to the Roman govt that they could not know the
  laws because they were not written down. The
  govt then put the laws on 12 tablets and put in
  the marketplace.

142
.

• Romes victories in the Punic Wars allowed Rome
  to extend there land in the Mediterranean by
  defeating Carthage who held onto Sicily, Corsica,
  and Sardinia. They were the only strong power in
  the region.
• Hannibal- A Carthaginian general who let Carthage
  to invade Italy and be defeated in 2/3 of the
  Punic Wars
• Gaul- A land that was taken over in one of
  Caesars conquests. Gaul is present day France.

143
Gaul

• Present day France
• Julius Caesar set out on a conquest to conquer
  this area in 59 B.C and after nine years he
  completed his conquest
• In 486 Clovis conquered Gaul
• Later became part of Charlemagnes empire

144
Why did the Republic fail to survive chall