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Integrating Sources

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Title: Integrating Sources


1
Integrating Sources
  • Basic Principles

2
First Principle
  • Use sources as concisely as possible, so your own
    thinking isnt crowded out by your presentation
    of other peoples thinking, or your own voice by
    your quoting of other voices.
  • Mention or summarize your source, perhaps quoting
    occasional phrases, unless you have a good reason
    to paraphrase closely or quote extensively

3
Good reasons to quote
  • Source author has made a point so clearly and
    concisely that it cant be expressed more clearly
  • A certain phrase or sentence in the source is
    particularly vivid or striking
  • An important passage is sufficiently difficult,
    dense, or rich
  • A claim you are making is such that the doubting
    reader will want to hear exactly what the source
    said

4
Second Principle
  • Never leave your reader in doubt as to when you
    are speaking and when you are using materials
    from a source
  • Avoid this ambiguity by citing the source
    immediately after using it
  • Announce the source in your own sentences or
    phrases preceding its appearance

5
Third Principle
  • Always make clear how each source you use relates
    to your argument.
  • This means indicating to your reader, in the
    words leading up to a source's appearance or in
    the sentences that follow, and reflect on it (or
    in both), what you want your reader to notice or
    focus on in the source.

6
One further rule . . .
  • Mention the nature or professional status of your
    source if it is distinctive
  • Describe the nature of a source that is
    especially authoritative or distinctive

7
Rules for Quoting
  • General Principles

8
Quote only what you need or what is really
striking
  • If you quote too much, you may convey the
    impression that you havent digested the material
    or that you are merely padding the length of your
    paper.
  • Keep your quotations under a sentence whenever
    possible.
  • Try to embed quotes gracefully into your sentences

9
Construct your own sentence so the quotation fits
smoothly into it
  • If you must add or change a word in the quotation
    to make it fit into your sentence, put brackets
    around the altered portion.
  • Always try to construct your sentence so that you
    can quote verbatim, without this cumbersome
    apparatus.

10
Usually announce a quotation in the words
preceding it
  • Your reader should enter the quoted passage
    knowing who will be speaking.
  • Withholding the identity of a source until a
    citation at the end of the sentence is acceptable
    when you invoke but do not discuss a source OR
    when the identity of the quoted source is much
    less important than, or a distraction from, what
    the source says

11
Choose your announcing verb carefully
  • Dont say Diamond states that unless you mean
    to imply a deliberate announcement.
  • Choose a more neutral verb such as writes,
    observes, suggests, remarks
  • OR Choose a verb that catches the attitude you
    want to convey such as protests, charges,
    replies, admits, or claims

12
Technical Rules for Using Quotes
13
Dont automatically put a comma before a quotation
  • Quotations are not dialogue
  • Use a comma ONLY if the grammar of your sentence
    requires it

14
Use a slash (/) to indicate a line-break in a
quoted passage of poetry
  • Insert a space before and after the slash
  • EX
  • Hamlet wonders if it is nobler in the mind to
    suffer / The slings and arrows of outrageous
    fortune or physically to act and end them.

15
Punctuate the end of a quotation embedded in your
sentence with whatever punctuation your sentence
requires
  • Do not automatically use the source/authors
    punctuation
  • Do not use an ellipsis at the end of a quote
    your reader makes the assumption that there was
    more

16
Quote Verbatim
  • Double check carefully
  • If the source passage is misspelled or
    ungrammatical, add in brackets after the relevant
    word or phrase the Latin word sic, meaning
    thus, to make clear that the mistake is in the
    source

17
Quoting Blocks of Information
  • If you need to quote more than 4 (TYPED) lines of
    prose or 2 lines of poetry, set off and indent
    the passage as a block

18
Basic Rules for Block Quoting
  • Indent all lines 10 spaces (Tab X2) from the left
    margin
  • Dont put an indented block in quotation marks
  • Tell your readers IN ADVANCE who is about to
    speak and what to be listening for
  • Construct your lead-in sentence so that it ends
    with a colon
  • Follow up a block quotation with commentary that
    reflects on it and makes clear why you needed to
    quote it

19
How to Document a Block Quote
  • Put your citation of a block quotation OUTSIDE
    the period at the end of the last sentence quoted
  • Do not use quotations marks around a block quote

20
When to Cite

21
Whenever you use factual information or data you
found in a source
  • Your reader needs to know who gathered the
    information
  • Your reader needs to be able to find its original
    form
  • Always make clear how each source you use relates
    to your argument
  • Indicate to your reader in the words leading up
    to the quote what you want the reader to notice
    or to focus on

22
Whenever you quote verbatim
  • Cite if you use two or more words in a row, or
    even a single word or label that is distinctive
  • Reader must be able to verify the accuracy and
    context of your quotation
  • Words you take verbatim must be in quotation marks

23
Whenever you summarize, paraphrase or use ideas
arrived at by another person
  • Readers need to know that you are summarizing
    thoughts formulated by someone else

24
Whenever you make use of a sources distinctive
structure
  • Citing tells your reader that the strategy isnt
    original
  • Citing allows your reader to consult the original
    context

25
When Not to Cite
26
When the source and page location of the relevant
passage are obvious
  • If you refer to the same page for many sentences
    in a row, you dont need to cite the source again
    until you refer to a different page or until you
    start a new paragraph
  • Your language needs constantly to make clear
    where you are drawing on a source

27
When dealing with common knowledge
  • Common knowledge is knowledge that is familiar or
    easily available in many different sources
  • Common knowledge is not arguable or based on a
    particular interpretation

28
When you use phrases that have become part of
everyday speech
  • You dont need to remind your reader where all
    the worlds a stage or life, liberty, and the
    pursuit of happiness first appeared
  • Consider such phrases common knowledge

29
Source for this information?
  • http//www.fas.harvard.edu/expos/sources/chap1.h
    tml
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