The Zhadin effect: a non thermal mechanism of interaction between magnetic fields and living matter

1
The Zhadin effect a non thermal mechanism of
interaction between magnetic fields and living
matter
Department of Production Plants and Human
Settlements
L. Giuliani12, M. N. Zhadin13, N.V. Bobkova13,
Enrico DEmilia 2, S. Grimaldi14 , A. Lisi 14
and E. Del Giudice15 1 International Commission
for ElectroMagnetic Safety (ICEMS), Venice,
Italy 2 National Institute for Prevention and
Occupational Safety (ISPESL), Rome, Italy 3
Institute of Cell Biophysics, Pushchino, Moscow
Region, Russia 4 National Council for Researches,
Rome, Italy 5 International Institute of
Biophysics, Neuss, Germany
2
Two reasonable experiments have suggested classic
physics is no more suitable to explain the
structure of water and the interaction of
magnetic fields with molecules in aqueous
solutions. The first one - due to W.G. Armstrong
(1898) shows that a water bridge between
containers of water can rise when a high electric
field is applied. The second one due to M.N.
Zhadin (1998) shows that an ion current is
arising in an electrolytic cell where nucleic
acid is solved in water under the superimposition
of DC AC magnetic fields and of DC electric
field. Furthermore the AC magnetic field has and
to tune the cyclotronic frequency of the nucleic
acid and has to be very weak, so that provided
energy transferred to the solution results to
be lower than the energy that the ion current
needs to overcome the noise of the thermal bath.

3
Armstrong, William George, THE ELECTRICAL
ENGINEER, Feb 10 (1893) 154, 39-140 Salisbury
Court, Fleet Street, London, E.C.
"...Amongst other experiments I hit upon a very
remarkable one. Taking two wine-glasses filled to
the brim with chemically pure water, I connected
the two glasses by a cotton thread coiled up in
one glass, and having its shorter end dipped into
the other glass. On turning on the current, the
coiled thread was rapidly drawn out of the glass
containing it, and the whole thread deposited in
the other, leaving, for a few seconds, a rope of
water suspended between the lips of the two
glasses. ..."
4
Background 1

• The experiment of Armstrong has been successfully
  replicated by E. Fuchs and collaborators in
  Gratz 2007 when a high voltage (15-25 kV at
  least) is applied between two beakers, filled of
  water, a floating water bridge arises, between
  them.
• The bridge, has a diameter of 1-3 mm and it does
  not collapse when the beakers are pulled apart at
  a distance (depending on the applied voltage)-
  from 1.5 to 2.5 cm. It is formed by three
  concentric cylinders. The external one is crossed
  by mesoscopic aggregates of water electrically
  charged.
• Water density decreases while its temperature
  increases from 20C to 65C in a period of about
  45 minutes, at the end the bridge collapse.

5
Background 1

• In the J. Physics D applied physics papers
  (2007,2008, 2009) the Austrian researchers were
  not able to fully understood the phenomena.
• We replicated the experiment and we tried to
  develop a theory in the frame of QED in order to
  give an interpretation of the Armstrongs
  experiment.
• Furthermore using copper electrodes we detected a
  current flowing along the bridge in agreement
  with the motion of mesoscopic particles detected
  by the group of Fuchs in the cylindric surface of
  the bridge.

6
Background 1
In our facility at the ISPESL laboratories in
Monteporzio Catone (close to Rome), we have
reproduced the Fuchs experience (Fig.1-2-3).
Fig.1
Fig.2
7
Background 1

• When the high electric field is applied the
  mesoscopic aggregates increase their angular
  momentum dissipating heat, as in the Joule
  effect, that causes the increase of the
  temperature. The electric charge on the surface
  of the of the aggregates causes their motion
  along the direction of the electric field
  switched on. This motion is intrinsic within the
  bridge of water.
• As temperature increases the percentage of bulk
  water always present in the interstices of the
  mesoscopic particles increases and the
  percentage of water included in the mesoscopic
  particles until bulk water becomes dominant.
• Then the water bridge falls.

8
Experimental set up 1

• High voltage has been generated by a High voltage
  power supply type Hunting 2000 with an output of
  0-200 KV DC and 0- 10 mA. Voltage has been
  continuously recorded (Keithley Instruments 610
  CR).
• Experiments has been performed using copper and
  platinum electrode alternatively as anode and
  catode, in two 50 ml glass beakers filled up to 2
  mm from the edge with double distilled water
  (18.2 mO, 25 C), mounted on an insulated
  guideline driven by a step motor in order to move
  back and forward the two beakers with a 0.13mm
  resolution.

9
Experimental set up 1

• The cathode has been grounded while the anode
  were set at a potential of 25 KV with a maximum
  output current of 1mA.
• Only when a copper cathode was employed a copper
  ion current has been detected through the bridge.
• At the end of each experiments water pH has been
  monitored using a Crison GLP 21 pHmeter.
  Variations resulted in the order of -0,5 pH.

10
Background 2

• In the last decades the effect of weak ELF
  magnetic fields on living organisms has been
  investigated 4-5.
• In order to have a simple physical model Zhadin
  and collaborators 6 have introduced a non
  biological system made up by an aqueous diluted
  solution of amino acids (e.g. glutamic acid. GLU)
  contained in an electrolytic cell where a D.C.
  voltage is applied.
• Its value ranges in the same interval of cell
  membrane potentials (-80 mV) a combination of
  two parallel magnetic fields, one static, the
  other alternating is applied orthogonally to the
  current direction.

11
Background 2

• When the frequency of the alternating magnetic
  fields matches the cyclotron frequency of the
  ionized amino acid a very narrow peak appears in
  the electric current. This effect has been named,
  in the literature, the Zhadin effect.
• It seemed to be involved in the observed magnetic
  phenomena occurring in living matter.
• We replicated the Zhadins experiment in our
  facility of the C.N.R. in Rome.

12
Background 2
APPLIED SIGNAL
NOISE
NOISE DELAY
13
Background 2
APPLIED SIGNAL
Magnetic field generated by Zhadin effect at
4.99 Hz
NOISE DELAY
14
Experimental set up 2
SAMPLE
AMAGNETIC ROOM
15
Experimental set up 2
Signal Generator
Control unit (humidity, tempeature, C02)
Picoammeter
16

• In some previous papers 5-8 the effect is
  examined in the frame of QED 4.
• The motion of ions seems to be induced by
  mesoscopic aggregates of water that provide the
  energy requested by ions to overcome the noise of
  the thermal bath.
• These mesoscopic aggregates are called coherent
  domains (CDs), in the frame of Quantum
  Electrodynamics (QED).
• They can be viewed as rotating ellipsoides, that
  can be considered, at room temperature, as
  spheres with a radius of about 40 nm, having a
  boundary depth of about 4 nm. Each CD contains,
  at room temperature, about 5,500,000 water
  molecules.

17

Water can be considered as an equilibrium dynamic
between water molecule and water organized in
mesoscopic aggregate
18

• The coherent status S gt of a CD is the coherent
  superposition of the fundamental state s1 and the
  excitated state 5d of the water molecule.
• The percentages of molecules belonging to each
  status every time (the CD is flickering so many
  molecules enter the CD how many escape) result
• lt Ss1 gt 0,87 lt Sd5gt0,13
• From the above consideration we are able to
  calculate that the CD should be able to provide
  about 650,000 electrons.

19

• In the Armstrongs experiment as well as in its
  replication due to Fuchs and other - the applied
  electric field is enough strong to be able to
  induce the ionization of several molecules,
  providing a net fractionary charge q, per each
  molecule in the range
• 0lt q lt0,13.
• Further electrons could be provided due to kT
• at room temperature, about 300 K
• kT 0,026 eV

20

• The energy Et of the transition between the
  fundamental state 1s and the excitated state 5d
  is
• Et 10,06 eV only 0,54 eV
• The energy of ionization is
• Ei10,60 eV (only 0,54 eV higher the Et ).

21

• At hydrophobic interfaces like glass and
  water the ionization potential of water
  molecules shifts down in the order od thenths of
  eV.The gap of energy between the excited state 5d
  and the ionized state then results to be filled
  up by the combined action of
• the shift of the ionization potential at the
  interfaces
• the kT
• the applied voltage.

22

• The electric potential Vb, due to the electric
  field arising between the glass interfaces on the
  basis of the water bridge, for the applied
  voltage, induces a (ponderomotive) force Fp
• Fp -(q2/m)GradA2 qVb
• Since the mass of the electron less than 10-4
  times the mass of the molecule,the ponderomotive
  force stresses the molecules aiding the cloud of
  almost free electrons to escape.

23

• Eventually the mesoscopic aggregates of water
  (the CDs) achieve a positive charge and become
  donors of electrons, interact redox reactions
  with the oxigene in the air.
• As a matter of fact, the witer bridge does not
  rise in an atmosphere of Helium or Argon 1-2.
• The time variation of the applied potential Vb
  then induces a time variation of the electric
  field at the glass interfaces that induces a
  variation of the phase F of the angular momentum
  of each CD, in agreement with
• dF/dt V
• Since the applied voltage is proportional to the
  square of the magnetic vector potential A, also
  the gradient of the phase becomes positive,
  because
• Grad F A

24

• As a consequence all the CDs rotate in tune
  (super coherence).
• Their sincronous rotation is around the
  direction of the electric field is along the axis
  of the superimposed electric field, due to the
  applied voltage.
• Thus the bridge rises.

25

• For the mesoscopic structures- detected on the
  external cylindric surface of the water bridge,
  appear to be moving in a rotatory and traslatory
  way resulting in an elicoidal motion.

26
CONCLUDING REMARK 1

• The exceptional behaviour of water reported in
  this presentation, gave evidence about the
  existence of water molecules organized in
  mesoscopic structures (CDs).
• The formation of mesoscopics structure
  (supercoherence) can be taken in account for the
  unreasonable behaviour of water under strong
  eletric field

27
CONCLUDING REMARK 1

• The Armstrongs experiment is a spectacular proof
  of the structure of the water that appears to be
  a bi-phase liquid, as Boltzmann predicted. The
  action of CDs forming the bridge is the same
  that operates inducing the ion current in a
  electrolytic cell when a proper combination of
  both static electric and magnetic fields with a
  weakest magnetic field tuned with a proper
  frequency is applied, according to the Zhadins
  experiment (Zhadin and oth., 1998).

28

• The QED model for the Zhadin effect 8 assumes
  that ions are captured within cyclotron orbits
  around the CDs where they travel with an angular
  speed, which is their cyclotron frequency times
  2p.
• When a magnetic field oscillating on the same
  frequency is applied, ions are extracted from the
  cyclotron orbits and are channelled within the
  cell electric current, producing the observed
  peak.
• This model, however, requires a further
  development about the properties that the
  aminoacid molecules acquired in the solution. A
  significant progress in this direction has been
  produced in reference 9, where it is shown that
  the aminoacid molecules need to be attracted on
  the boundaries of water CDs by a resonant
  interaction

29

• Should the aminoacid have in its spectrum an
  oscillation mode resonating with the oscillation
  frequency of the coherence domain, the aminoacid
  will become a guest of the domain,
  participating in the same collective dynamics.
• This occurs to the glutamic acid molecules at
  suitable values of pH in the aqueous solution
  (1,5 ltpHlt 3).
• In this situation an infrared oscillatory mode of
  the molecule matches the frequency of the
  collective oscillation of the CD that is 0,26 eV
  at T0 decreasing down to about 0,20 eV at T300
  K.
• Incidentally we observe that the above
  requirement holds for all molecules interacting
  with CDs of water, which is perhaps the
  requirement to be involved in living processes.

30

• The resonant attraction is governed by a
  dispersive force the same kind of dispersive
  force which is at work in the well known
  phenomenon of laser couling 10. By the way this
  selective mechanism could account for the so far
  mysterious phenomenon that only about twenty
  aminoacids out of one hundred known to chemists
  are present in living organisms.
• Once attracted within the water CDs, these guest
  molecules settle in the outer side of the CD
  where they feel the effect of the so called
  gradient force.
• As above, according to standard electrodynamics,
  a particle having mass m and charge q is
  subjected to a ponderomotive force.

31

• The ponderomotive force is non vanishing on the
  boundary of CDs, where the self trapped CD
  electromagnetic field drops off exponentially to
  zero. Moreover the ponderomotive force is
  inversely proportional to the mass.
• Consequently a molecule which is present on the
  CD boundary gets stretched since the electrons,
  that are thousands of times lighter than nuclei
  are pushed outwards along the CD radius much more
  then nuclei. In this way the aminoacid
  zwitterions acquire a polarization that adds up
  to the one it could have in the ground
  configuration. Eventually the aminoacid could
  loose also one electron becoming an ion, able to
  feel the applied magnetic fields. In this process
  ions are produced within the water CDs and
  released from them according to the available
  magnetic fields.

32

• On the left it is described the motion of the
  ions on the boundary of a water CD due to the
  external application of a magnetic field having
  the same frequency the cyclotronic one to
  which the ion is forced around the CD due the
  static magnetic field .

Fig. 8 from 8
33
CONCLUDING REMARK 2

• The arising and the time evolution of the
  electric current is thus governed by such field
  11-12.
• If the field is too strong the ions escape in the
  bulk. If it is too weak ions fall again in the
  boundary of the CD.
• Thats the reason for which in the Zhadins
  experiment - the intensity of the applied AC
  magnetic field has to be so weak about one
  thousand time less than the present static
  magnetic field (usually the geomagnetic).

34
CONCLUDING REMARK 2

• The Zhadins effect seems to be one of the
  mechanisms able to induce ion current in cells,
  as well as the authors have shown in recent
  papers concerning the maturation of stem cells
  induced by weakest magnetic fields (A.Lisi and
  oth., 2005,2006 R. Gaetani and oth., 2009)
  13-19.

35
CONCLUSIONS

• Both Armstrongs and Zhadins experiments provide
  an evidence of the action of water CDs as they
  are working within living matter and a proof of a
  kind of non thermal interaction of weak magnetic
  fields with living organisms.
• According to G. Heyland warning 12 also
  artificial electromagnetic fields are concerned
  with the Zhadin effect, e.g. for the frequency of
  the modulation at 8 Hz, due to GSM and DCS
  communication.

36
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•