Chapter 2 Chemistry of Cells

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PAP Chapter 2 Chemistry of Cells
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Organic Compounds

• Macromolecules Large molecule made of many
  smaller molecules
• Organic Compounds found in living things
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids

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Carbohydrates

• Role Important sources of energy
• Examples Fruits, vegetables, grains
• Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen 121

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Monosaccharides Single Sugar Ex Glucose
Fructose
Polysaccharides Chains of three or more
monosaccharides Ex Starch Fiber
Disaccharides Two monosaccharides joined Ex
Sucrose Lactose
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Proteins

• Roles
• Promotes chemical reactions in the body
• Important structural functions skin, tendons,
  bones
• Antibodies Help fight infections
• Examples beans, eggs, milk, meats

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Proteins
Subunit amino acid
Amino acids have three parts
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Proteins

• Proteins are chains of amino acids folded into
  compact shapes

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How can proteins do so many things?
20 different kinds of amino acids!
Structure
Transport
Enzymes
Hormones
Channels pumps
Antibodies
pH balance
Fluid balance
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Nucleic Acids

• Role Stores hereditary information
• Nucleotides joined together to form nucleic acid
• Two Types DNA and RNA

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NUCLEOTIDES
3 Main Components

• 5-Carbon Sugar
• Phosphate Group
• Nitrogen-containing base

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ATP Provides energy for most of cells activities.

• Energy is stored in phosphate bonds of ATP
  molecules

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Lipids

• Role Important part of cell membranes
• Stores lots of energy
• Examples Vegetable oils, dairy products,
  meats
• Types Fats, Phospholipids, steroids, and waxes

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Triglyceride
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Saturated
Unsaturated
Solid at room temperature Ex Butter
Liquid at room temperature Ex Olive Oil
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Water
Bonds

Polar Covalent Atoms shared unequally, causing
slightly positive and negative ends .
Non-Polar Covalent Atoms shared evenly
Like dissolves Like!!! Ex Polar in Polar
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Hydrogen Bonds

• Possible with polar molecules
• Easily broken reformed
• Give water special properties

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Water

• H2O

• Special Properties
• Polar Cohesion/Adhesion
• Water Tension

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Chapter 2 Enzymes
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Energy

• Ability to do work

Activation Energy Energy Needed to start a
chemical reaction
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Enzymes

• Proteins that increase speed of chemical
  reactions (catalysts)
• Each enzyme catalyzes a specific reaction
• The enzyme is not changed by the reaction

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Enzymes
Activation Energy With and Without an Enzyme
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Enzymes
Lowers activation energy required for a reaction
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Enzyme Specificity

• Substrate Substance on which an enzyme acts

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Enzyme reactions can be simplified as

• S Substrates (reactants) enter reaction.
• P Product (what you get at the end)
• E Enzymes catalyze reaction

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Factors that Effect Enzymes

• Substrate Concentration
• Enzyme Concentration
• pH (0-14) 7 neutral
• Temperature