2.%20A%20society

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• 2. A societys values can be seen through their
  cultural and scientific achievements.
• 3. Challenges to the social and political order
  frequently come from radical new ideas.
• 5. Every society has developed some political
  system by which either the one, the few, or the
  many rule over others.
• Religion Review
• Review your Religion chart with the following
  slides
• What are the common themes found in these
  religions?
• How may these religions lead to conflict?
• Renaissance
• The Renaissance led to changes like the rebirth
  of humanism and the beginnings of questioning
  the existing order of religious and political
  power as well as development of modern science.
• Use your notes and homework to complete a
  Revolution/War Snapshot
• Reformation challenging the Church
• Based on your reading from homework, complete a
  Revolution/War Snapshot for the Reformation

• 1300-1600

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Russia UK Mexico Iran Brazil Nigeria Iraq China In
dia USA
1 Philadelphia 2 London 3 Beijing 4
Sydney 5 Pretoria 6 Mumbai 7 - Lima
What geography theme is represented on this
map? How could we show the other themes?
Arctic Ocean
Russia
UK
Asia
Europe
USA
North America
China
Iran
Atlantic Ocean
India
Mexico
Africa
Pacific Ocean
Iraq
Nigeria
South America
Brazil
Indian Ocean
Oceania
Antarctica
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World Religions A Comparison
Buddhism Buddhism
Name of Deity The Buddha did not teach a personal deity
Founder Siddhartha Gautama called the Buddha (means The Enlightened One)
Holy Book No one booksacred texts including the Perfection of Wisdom Sutra, Tripitaka, Mahayna Sutras
Leadership Buddhist monks and nuns
Basic Beliefs Persons achieve complete peace and happiness (nirvana) by eliminating material possessions Nirvana achieved by following the Noble Eightfold Path. Karma is the concept that good begets good and bad begets bad.
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World Religions A Comparison
Christianity Christianity
Name of Deity God and Jesus Christ
Founder Jesus Christ and the Apostles
Holy Book Bible (Pentateuch, Prophets, Kings, and Apostles)
Leadership Clergy (priests, ministers, etc.)
Basic Beliefs There is only one God Jesus Christ was the son of God. He died to save humanity from sin, making eternal life possible for others Persons achieve salvation by following teachings of Jesus
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World Religions A Comparison
Hinduism Hinduism
Name of Deity Three main Gods Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva
Founder No one founder
Holy Book No one book, sacred texts including the Vedas, the Puranas
Leadership Guru, Holy Man, Braham priest
Basic Beliefs The soul never dies but is continually reborn Persons achieve happiness after freeing themselves of earthly desires, Freedom from earthly desires comes from lifetime of worship, knowledge, and virtuous acts.
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World Religions A Comparison
Islam Islam
Name of Deity God (Allah)
Founder Muhammad
Holy Book Quran
Leadership Sunni and Shii have different clergy. Imams, mullahs, Caliphs, ayatollahs, hojjat al-islam collectively called the Ulama
Basic Beliefs Persons achieve salvation by following the Five Pillars of Islam and living a just life. These pillars are faith, almsgiving, fasting (Ramadan), pilgrimage to Mecca, and prayer,
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Difference between Islam and Muslim

• Islam is the religion and Muslims are people who
  understand, believe, and practice Islam properly,
  i.e. according to the text.
• Islam is to Christianity what Muslims are to
  Christians.

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World Religions A Comparison
Judaism Judaism
Name of Deity God (Yahweh)
Founder Abraham
Holy Book Hebrew Bible (including the Torah)
Leadership Rabbis
Basic Beliefs There is only one God God loves and protects his people but also holds people accountable for their sins and shortcomings Persons serve God by studying the Torah and living by its teachings major holidays Rosh Hashana, Yom Kippur, Passover and Shabbat
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World Religions A Comparison
Confucianism Confucianism
Name of Deity No real deity, per se, but a sense that there are gods and spirits in Heaven
Founder Confucius (Kung Fu Tzu)
Holy Book The Analects of Confucius
Leadership State leaders and recognized teachers
Basic Beliefs To create a harmonius society, a person should live a life of virtue here on earth by following a set of ethical guidelines focused on how to relate to other people. Essentially, treat people the way you want to be treated, honor your parents, those above you and respect those below, also honor the ancestors
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Religions of the World
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Religions of the World

• write some conclusions you can draw about
  religion, people, conflict, beliefs and geography
• Are there similarities amongst these religions?
• Do they necessarily have to conflict?

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Religion review

1. Name 3 monotheistic religions
2. Which religion(s) have multiple holy texts? Name
   the texts
3. Which religion(s) has no identified founder?
4. Which religion(s) believe in Karma?
5. Which religion(s) are heaven?
6. Which religion(s) focus primarily on living a
   virtuous life to create a harmonious society?

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Religion review

1. Name 3 monotheistic religions
2. Judaism, Christianity, Islam
3. Which religion(s) have multiple holy texts? Name
   the texts
4. Hinduism Puranas, Vedas, Buddhism - sutras
5. Which religion(s) has no identified founder?
6. Hinduism
7. Which religion(s) believe in Karma?
8. Buddhism
9. Which religion(s) believe in heaven
10. Islam, Christianity, to some extent Judaism
    depending on interpretation
11. Which religion(s) focus primarily on living a
    virtuous life to create a harmonious society?
12. Confucianism

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REnaissance

• Enduring Understandings
• Geography themes of location, place, movement,
  human-environment interaction and region are
  useful tools for understanding history and
  current events.
• A societys values can be seen through their
  cultural and scientific achievements
• Challenges to the social and political order
  frequently come from radical new ideas.

• Essential Questions
• Explain the key ideas that came out of the
  Renaissance and the effect these ideas had on
  exploration, religion, the scientific revolution
  and government and politics.
• Explain how the Renaissance resulted from and
  expanded on the radical new idea of the
  individual I.
• Activity
• Use your notes and homework to complete a
  Revolution/War Snapshot

• Day 5 Renaissance and Reformation

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The Renaissance

• The Renaissance 1300-1600

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CAUSES

• Short-Term

• Long-Term

• Historical Centers
• Urban centers
• Merchants
• Secular Writings

• Plague
• Failing Dark Age Institutions
• Church failures
• Trade and travel in Mediterranean region

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REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS

• INDIVIDUALS can be great (FAME)
• Focus on SECULAR ideas, not religious
• Information for everyone, not just elite
• HUMANISM - focus of scholars on human potential
  and achievement studied the humanities
  history, literature, philosophy

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IMPORTANT

• People

• Dates/Events

• Leonardo da Vinci
• Medici family
• Machiavelli
• Castiglione
• Michelangelo

• 1434 Medicis take control in Florence
• 1455 Gutenberg Bible published
• 1513 Prince published

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B. New Writing

• Writing to be famous
• How to govern, behave
• Machiavelli first political scientist
• Famous Quotes
• The end justifies the means.
• It is much safer to be feared than loved.
• A ruler must be both a lion and a fox.

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IMPORTANT

• Literature/Art/Music

• Political/Social/
• Economic Changes

• The Prince/The Courtier
• The Last Supper
• David
• Perspective, realism
• Printing press

• Humanism
• Growing merchant class
• Questioning importance of religion in govt
• Secularism becomes more acceptable

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RESULTS

• Long-Term

• Short-Term

• Widespread communication
• People begin to question political structures/
  religious practices
• Individuals take greater control over their own
  lives

• Greater availability of books
• Changes in art/writing styles
• Published laws, maps, social codes, BIBLES

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Renaissance

• Renaissance Overview
• Rebirth of learning and education, art and
  architecture, modern politics economics
• Began in Northern Italy
• Reasons behind Northern Italy
• Urbanism
• Overseas trade led to large city-states but most
  of Europe still rural
• People came to cities to spread/learn new ideas

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Renaissance

• Reasons behind Northern Italy (cont.)
• Wealthy merchants
• Dominated politics
• Had to earn their wealth and power
• Showed their wealth and power by funding the arts
• Greek and Roman Heritage
• Used as model for the arts
• Scholars studied Latin manuscripts and literature
  
• Popes power declined
• England and France at war

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Renaissance

• Renaissance Mentality
• Humanismfocus of scholars on human potential and
  achievement studied the humanities history,
  literature, philosophy
• Enjoyment of World Pleasures
• You do not need to sacrifice to please God
• People began to wear fine clothing and enjoy fine
  foods and music
• Society became more secular (non-religious)
• Patrons of Arts
• Patrons of the Arts
• Popes and merchants became patrons (sponsors) of
  the arts

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Renaissance

• Renaissance Mentality (cont.)
• Renaissance Man
• Men were expected to create art and master all
  areas of study
• Men that excelled in these areas were called a
  Universal man or Renaissance Man

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Baldassare Castigliones The Courtier

• Let the man we are seeking be very bold, stern,
  and always among the first, where the enemy are
  to be seen and in every other place, gentle,
  modest, reserved, above all things avoiding
  ostentation showiness and that impudent bold
  self praise by which men ever excite hatred and
  disgust in all who hear them.
• What is he saying here?
• If you wanted to hire a man like this, what would
  the Want Ad say?

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The personal ad for him would read

• Looking for a man who is charming, witty, and
  well educated in the classics. He must be able to
  dance, sing, play music, write poetry, ride
  horses well, wrestle, and be a fine swordsman. He
  must be brave in battle yet humble outside of
  battle.

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Renaissance

• Renaissance Mentality (cont.)
• The Renaissance Woman
• Upper class women should also know the classics
  and be charming but not seek fame
• Should inspire art but not create it and have
  little influence on politics

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What values can we extracted from the pictures
below?
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Renaissance Art

• Medieval Art

• Renaissance Art

• Religious subjects
• Two-dimensional
• Created ideal people

• Religious and secular subjects
• Realistic portrayal of individual

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Renaissance Art

• New Techniques
• Perspective
• Creates a 3-D appearance
• Parallel lines move towards a focal point on the
  horizon to create dimension
• Objects get smaller as farther back.
• Where is the focal point in this work?

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Renaissance Art

• New Techniques (cont.)
• Pyramid Configuration
• Symmetrical composition draws your focus to
  center of work for climax/focal point
• Chiaroscuro
• The contrast of light and dark are used to create
  dimension
• Fresco
• Painting on wet plaster

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Renaissance Art
From Creation Panel of Michelangelos Sistine
Chapel CHIAROSCURO
The Last Judgment by Michelangelo FRESCO
Mona Lisa by Da Vinci PYRAMID CONFIGURATION
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Renaissance Art

• MICHAELANGELO

Pieta , 1499
David, 1504
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Renaissance Art

• MICHAELANGELO SISTINE CHAPEL

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Renaissance Art

• LEONARDO Da VINCI

Mona Lisa, 1504
Vitruvian Man, 1485
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Renaissance Art
The Last Supper 1498
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Renaissance Art
Flying Machine, 1488
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Renaissance Art

• RAPHAEL

School of Athens
The Wedding of the Virgin
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Renaissance Art

• BOTTICELLI

The Birth Venus
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Renaissance Art

• JAN VAN EYCK

Giovanni Arnolfini and his Bride
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Renaissance Literature and Politics

• Literature and Politics
• Niccolo Machiavelli
• An Italian political philosopher
• Wrote The Prince in 1513
• While somewhat controversial, his political
  philosophy is still studied and used often in
  todays world
• The end justifies the means.
• there are two methods of fighting, the one by
  law, the other by force the first method is that
  of men, the second of beasts but as the first is
  often insufficient, one must have recourse to the
  second

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Petrarch, Boccaccio and expansion of literature

• Petrarch often referred to as father of
  humanism
• Promoted writing as an important means of
  communication
• Promoted humanism that humans are the centered
  of the earth and have potential and reconciled
  Classics with Christianity
• Wrote hundreds of poems and letters that were
  published throughout Europe - This spread
  literacy throughout Europe
• Boccaccio -
• Wrote stories that illustrated human existence
  using satire and sarcasm
• His stories showed the frailties and foibles of
  humans.

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Renaissance Northern

• Northern Renaissance
• Spreads to England, France, Germany, and Flanders
  
• Why?
• France and England involved in 100 Years War
  (ended 1453)
• Plague in northern Europe lasted longer
• Difference?
• More religious in nature than Italian art (less
  inspired by Greece and Rome)

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Renaissance

• Outcomes of Renaissance
• Strong sense of individualism
• Increase in secularism
• Look for answers beyond The Church
• Sciences
• Other religious ideas
• Higher literacy rate
• Emergence of materialism
• Higher standards of living

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Reformation

• Enduring Understandings
• Geography themes of location, place, movement,
  human-environment interaction and region are
  useful tools for understanding history and
  current events.
• A societys values can be seen through their
  cultural and scientific achievements
• Challenges to the social and political order
  frequently come from radical new ideas.

• Essential Question
• Explain how the Reformation resulted from and
  expanded on the radical new idea of the
  individual I and then affected European
  politics and science.
• Activity
• Use your notes and homework to complete a
  Revolution/War Snapshot

• Day 5 Reformation and Scientific Revolution

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The RFORMATION

• The Reformation 1517-1648

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CAUSES

• Short-Term

• Long-Term

• An attempt to reform a corrupt Catholic Church
• Teaching and sales of indulgences
• Sparked when Martin Luther published the
  Ninety-Five Theses

• Corruption in all levels of the church
• Poor education of clergy
• Clergy up to pope focused on worldly pursuits
  rather than just religion
• Resistance to taxation by the newly secular
  merchant class and aristocracy

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REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS

• Individuals can have a personal relationship with
  God they dont need priests
• VERNACULAR prayers, services and bible
  (Guttenbergs printing press helps)
• No holy relics and churches have a lot less
  hierarchy

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IMPORTANT

• People

• Dates/Events

• Martin Luther
• King Henry VIII
• John Calvin
• John Knox (Presbyterianism)

• 1455 Gutenberg Bible published
• 1517 Luthers 95 Theses
• 1532 King Henry VIII creates Anglicanism

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Reformation

• Reformation Outside Germany
• Henry VIII (England)
• Henry VIII desire for a male heir and divorce
  prompted the creation of Church of England
• Marriage to Catherine of Aragon produced female
  heir (Mary I)
• Religious changes slower in England than
  elsewhere ?middle way between Roman Catholic
  Church Protestant Traditions

Henry VII Six wives whom he beheaded!
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IMPORTANT

• Literature/Art/Music

• Political/Social/
• Economic Changes

• 95 Theses
• some prohibitions of music
• Shakespeare

• Personal God
• Vernacular religious language
• Questioning traditional institutions

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RESULTS

• Long-Term

• Short-Term

• New religions (in particular, Calvinism and other
  Protestant sects) effectively forbade wastefully
  using hard earned money and identified the
  purchase of luxuries a sin
• Weakened the Catholic Church and promoted new
  states powers outside of religion
• Break up of parts of HRE

• Luther is tried, convicted, excommunicated, and
  the HRE issues the Edict of Worms
• German Princes break from HRE
• Led to series of religious wars that culminated
  (ended) in the Thirty Years War that ended with
  the Peace of Westphalia
• German Peasant Revolt
• Published laws, maps, social codes, BIBLES

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Reformation spreads

• Luthers reform call leads peasants to revolt
  against abuse and corruption in their churches
  and the princes who were connected to the church.
• Luther does not support the peasants is
  appalled at their attempt to change the social
  order
• Princes massacre the peasants, with Luthers
  blessing 100,000 killed

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Layout of European Christendom
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Reformation

• Martin Luther
• Nailed Ninety-Five Theses to door of All Saints
  Church (maybe not)
• Theses criticized Catholic Church and Pope but
  concentrated on
• Selling of indulgences
• Doctrinal policies about purgatory, particular
  judgment, devotion to Mary and the saints, most
  of the sacraments, clerical celibacy
• Several reformists followed his lead with help of
  the printing press

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Reformation

• Reformation Outside of Germany
• Elizabeth I (England)
• Supported establishment of Protestant English
  Church
• Governed on consensus (agreement)
• Reign became known as the Elizabethan Era

Virgin Queen
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Reformation

• Reformation Outside Germany
• John Calvin and Calvinism (Switzerland)
• French theologian that believed people were
  always combating evil and religion was guidance
  to fight ones tendency toward sin
• Other beliefs include
• Theocracyelect those God has chosen for
  salvation
• Predestination/Predetermined SalvationGod
  adopts some to the hope of life and adjudges
  others to eternal death

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Reformation

• Reformation Outside Germany
• John Knox and Presbyterianism (Scotland)
• Modified Calvins theocracy
• Beliefs include
• Sovereignty of God
• Authority of scriptures
• Importance of grace through faith in Christ
• Presbyterianism becomes national religion of
  Scotland

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The Catholic Counter-Reformation

• Jesuits under Ignatious of Loyola present some
  church reforms like building schools, gaining new
  converts and fighting against protestants
• At the Council of Trent, 3 different Popes
  defined Church teachings and opposed protestants
  in the areas of
• Scripture and Tradition
• Original Sin, Justification,
• Sacraments,
• the Eucharist in Holy Mass and
• the veneration of saints but mostly just
  reaffirm Church doctrine

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Reformation

• Effects of Reformation
• Led to series of religious wars that culminated
  (ended) in the Thirty Years War that ended with
  the Peace of Westphalia
• New religions (in particular, Calvinism and other
  Protestant sects) effectively forbade wastefully
  using hard earned money and identified the
  purchase of luxuries a sin
• Weakened the Catholic Church and promoted new
  states powers outside of religion

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Test your skills

• Europe Map Game