The beatles

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The beatles the british invasion

• 1964-1966

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i. Popular music in the U.s. at the beginning of
the 1960s

• Wide variety of styles
• Teen idols love songs
• Folk music
• Girl-group music
• Rockabilly
• Surf music
• Sweet soul
• None of the artists of any of these styles were
  considered to be the Next Elvis.
• The music industry was desperately looking among
  these styles to find a similar phenomenon

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• On February 9, 1964, the Beatles appeared on Ed
  Sullivans Sunday evening show
• Elvis had done the same thing 8 years earlier
• 73 million people watched it
• Even the crime rate went down during the time
  period of the telecast
• The Beatles and the subsequent British Invasion
  had a major impact on American pop music

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ii. British pop in the late 1950s and early
1960s

• The UK was mostly a consumer of American-made
  music
• The same American artists records were popular
  in both Britain and America
• British artists achieved success at home rather
  than in the states
• In the years immediately after WWII Britain was
  enamored with American popular culture
• Interest in American pop grew during this time

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• Britain already appreciated and had learned to
  play earlier styles of American music
• Traditional jazz (nicknamed trad) was derived
  out of New Orleans jazz styles of American music
• American folk music from earlier in the 20th
  century fascinated Brits
• British interest in rock and roll seems to be a
  logical continuation of that interest in U.S.
  culture
• After WWII interest in traditional jazz and
  American folk increased in Britain
• Parts of Britain that were destroyed by German
  bombings were being rebuilt
• America had no home-front war damage and was
  considered a model of strength and affluence

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• Teen culture in America seemed exotic and
  romantic
• Teens in Britain were surrounded by the recovery
  from war
• American teens seemed free and unburdened
• British youth embraced rock and roll with the
  same enthusiasm as American teens did
• The British record and radio industries were not
  set up like their American counterparts
• Four major labels that licensed music from
  American labels to distribute in Britain
• EMI
• Decca
• Pye
• Philips

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• Two Radio stations
• BBC
• Radio Luxembourg
• The British government owned the BBC
• Three channels
• One of them played rock and roll
• Radio Luxembourg was a European commercial
  station
• Britain had no independent radio or record labels
• The major labels financed radio shows that played
  rock and roll on their own label
• The government controlled the rest

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• Availability of American popular music varied
• Rock and roll records found on pop charts were
  available in retail stores
• Rhythm and blues and country and western were
  notand they were hard to find
• Sources began to appear that were devoted to
  rhythm and blues, country and western, and pop
• Melody Maker, New Musical Express, and Record
  Mirror
• British teens watched American rock and roll
  movies to keep up on the rock and roll
  developments
• Elvis films
• Alan Freed movies
• The Girl Cant Help It

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• Some artists toured England and were very
  enthusiastically received
• Bill Haley
• Buddy Holly
• Everly Brothers

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iii. The rise of skiffle

• British bandleaders played New Orleans style jazz
  and eventually other styles as well
• Ken Colyer, Kenny Ball, and Acker Bilk
• Chris Barber
• Barbers banjo player-vocalist Tony Donegan
  recorded a hit song in this skiffle style
• Rock Island Line credited to Lonnie Donegan and
  his Skiffle Group
• Barber on bass, Beryl Bryden on washboard, and
  Donegan played guitar on the recording

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• Skiffle-American jazz or folk music played
  entirely or in part on nonstandard instruments
  (as jugs, washboards, or Jew's harps) also a
  derivative form of music formerly popular in
  Great Britain featuring vocals with a simple
  instrumental accompaniment

• Rock Island Line by Lonnie Donegan and his
  Skiffle group

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• Rock Island Line started a craze for skiffle
  music
• Easy to play
• Similar to the rise of folk music in the United
  States shortly after that period
• John Lennon was a teen fan of skiffle
• So was Jimmy Page
• Skiffle was replaced by trad in the UK by the
  late 1950s
• Trad bands had hits in the late 1950s in the UK
  and the states

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• British artists had difficulty getting hits in
  the UK
• American artists dominated the charts
• There were only a few British artists who
  succeeded in getting hits in England
• They were patterned after American hit artists
• The first was Deccas Tommy Steele, Rock with
  the Caveman
• Steele also had a hit in 1956 with Singin the
  Blues
• Steele had 16 more hits through 1961
• The most successful British rocker was EMIs
  Cliff Richard and his backup band, the Shadows

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• Rock with the Caveman by Tommy Steele
• Genre British Rock

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iv. The beatles as students of american pop
(1960-1963)

• In 1957 a Liverpool teen named John Lennon formed
  a skiffle group called the Quarrymen
• Played skiffle patterned after Lonnie Donegan in
  and around the local Liverpool area
• Switched to rock and roll when the skiffle craze
  wound down
• John Lennon was 15 years old and Paul McCartney
  was 13 years old when rock and roll arrived

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• They were part of the first generation of the
  new rock and roll youth culture
• This generation learned rock and roll by
  imitating the first wave of rockers
• The first recording of the Quarrymen (including
  15 year old George Harrison) was in 1958
• They recorded Buddy Hollys Thatll Be the Day,
  closely imitating the original
• They recorded an original song on the other side
  of that acetate home recording
• Holly wrote all his own songs, so they did too
  In Spite of All the Danger
• Written by Paul McCartney and George Harrison
• They changed their name briefly to Johnny and the
  Moondogs (which was inspired by Alan Freed who
  called himself Moondog on the air)

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• Personnel changes and name changes occurred up
  through 1960
• John Lennons friend Stu Sutcliffe was added on
  bass guitar
• They changed the bands name to the Silver
  Beetles (which was further acknowledgement of
  Hollys influence his bands name was the
  Crickets)
• The band toured Scotland in 1960 backing singer
  Johnny Gentle
• They added drummer Pete Best in the summer of 1960

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v. hamburg

• The band changed their name one more time to the
  Beatles
• They were offered a job in the nightclub in
  Hamburg, Germany
• The Indra Club was in Hamburgs red light
  district
• They moved to a larger club called the
  Kaiserkeller
• Other British bands were starting to play in
  Hamburg as well Derry and the Seniors, Tony
  Sheridan and the Jets, and Rory Storm and the
  Hurricanes-featuring drummer Ringo Starr
• They made a total of five trips to Hamburg from
  1960-1962
• These performances were under more of a concert
  setting
• They opened for Little Richard and Gene Vincent

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• The Hamburg experience provided the opportunity
  to develop their musical skills
• The performance routine was a grueling one
• They played from 7pm-2am with 15 min. breaks
• They were under pressure to make a show for the
  German patrons
• They had to learn as many songs as they could as
  fast as they could
• The result of this kind of pressure on musicians
  is to either get great or get washed out
• The Beatles returned to Liverpool as professional
  musicians
• Their performance at a dance gig at Litherland
  Town Hall was a sensational success
• Great audience reaction foreshadowed the type of
  atmosphere they would soon be generating
• They had refined their performance techniques
  such that they were now the best band in the area

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• The musical influences on the Beatles as they
  develop their musicianship and creative talents
• Lennon and McCartney studied and imitated many
  successful writers styles and performers styles
• These influences and fascination with American
  rock and roll are apparent in their early
  original work
• Tapes of performances at Hamburgs Star Club and
  early BBC radio performances show their tastes
  Elvis Presleys version of Thats Alright
  (Mama), Chuck Berrys Memphis, Little Richard,
  Carl Perkins, Leiber and Stollers Coasters
  records, Phil Spectors To Know Him is to Love
  Him, and Ray Charles Hallelujah I Love Her So
  

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• They eventually covered several styles of songs
  on their first, second, and fourth albums
• Girl-group numbers Chains and Baby Its You
• Motown songs You Really Got a Hold on Me,
  Please Mr. Postman, and Money
• Even a movie theme A Taste of Honey

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vi. Brian epstein met the band at the cavern
club in liverpool

• The Beatles began performing regularly at the
  Cavern Club in Liverpool
• Their musicianship was in top form and they
  quickly established a reputation as a great band
• They had almost 300 performances at the Cavern
  through 1962
• They developed a huge following there
• Many performances were lunch shows
• There was a general atmosphere of fun, casual
  attitudes, and sometimes silliness

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• During a return trip to Hamburg in early 1961,
  they recorded a single with Tony Sheridan
• They were backing musicians for Sheridan on his
  version of My Bonnie Lies over the Ocean
• The record became a hit in Germany It also was
  being requested in record stores in England
• Record store manager Brian Epstein became curious
  and went to see them at the Cavern Club
• Epstein offered to manage them in November of
  1961
• Cleaned up their appearance
• Had them wear tailored matching suits
• He worked at finding them better places to play
  for more money

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• Epstein arranged a recording audition with Decca
  in their London studios on January 1, 1962
• Decca executive Dock Rowe passed on signing them,
  but they were allowed to keep the demo tape
• Epstein took that tape to other labels to try to
  secure a recording contract
• In June of 1962 an audition was arranged with
  George Martin at EMIs Parlophone records
• Martin agreed to sign the band and set the first
  recording session for September on one condition
• Martin didnt like Pete Bests playing and told
  them they needed a better drummer
• Ringo Starr was invited to join the band and he
  accepted in August

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• The first record released was an original song by
  Lennon and McCartney
• Love Me Do rose to 17 of UK charts in 1962
• The Beatles were the first Liverpool band to get
  a major record deal and have a chart hit
• Other northern groups began to go to London to
  seek record deals
• Bands from Liverpool, Manchester, and Birmingham
  were called Mersey Beat groups
• Martin had the Beatles record Mitch Murrays song
  How Do You Do It for the single release
• Lennon and McCartney wanted only their own
  originals released as singles
• Epstein was managing another Liverpool group, and
  they released it
• The Gerry and the Pacemakers version of How Do
  You Do It hit 1 in the UK in 1963

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• Prior to the Beatles success, northern groups
  had had no success breaking into the British
  record business
• They were too far from London where all the
  record companies were
• The irony is that those groups had better access
  to American records coming into the seaports
  there
• Rhythm and blues records and country and western
  were easier to find in the northern seaports
• This is a possible reason northern groups had
  more of a conglomerated style than London groups

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vii. Beatlemania in england in 1963

• The British press coined the term to describe the
  excitement generated by the bands live
  performances in 1963
• Beatles records were consistently topping the
  British charts
• Please Please Me, From Me to You, She Loves
  You
• Their first album Please Please Me second
  album With the Beatles (both in 1963)
• The big break was performing on the Sunday Night
  at the London Palladium TV show
• The top rated TV show in EnglandBritish version
  to Americas Ed Sullivan Show
• Millions of British viewers saw it.

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• In early November they appeared on the Royal
  Variety Performance TV show attended by British
  royalty
• Their 5th single, I Want to Hold Your Hand was
  released a week after their 2nd album in November
  1963 and was 1 by December
• This was definitely their 3rd consecutive 1
  record
• This is the song that would finally break them
  into the American pop market

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• No Beatlemania had occurred in America during
  1963
• Capitol records in the United States had become a
  subsidiary of EMI
• They refused to release any of the first Beatles
  recordings
• They assumed that the U.S. market wouldnt buy
  Beatles records
• The reason was that no other British artist had
  been successful in the United States
• George Martin licensed the first four singles and
  first album to American independent labels
• Beatlemania arrived in America in the beginning
  of 1964
• In November of 1963 Brian Epstein booked the band
  on the Ed Sullivan show for February
• Capitol agreed to release I Want to Hold Your
  Hand in the United States

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viii. American beatlemania

• There were a number of entertainment business
  aspects that combined to help trigger Beatlemania
  in America
• Capitol Records release of I Want to Hold Your
  Hand hit 1 in January
• The band appeared on the Ed Sullivan Show
  immediately after that
• Their U.S. debut album Meet the Beatles went 1
  one week later and stayed there for three months
• The U.S. release The Beatles Second album
  replaced Meet the Beatles as 1
• The July 1964 release of their full-length
  feature movie A Hard Days Night

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• There was a flood of Beatles singles that were
  hits from that point forward
• Thirty in the U.S. top 40
• Twelve of those went to 1 including Cant Buy
  Me Love (1964), A Hard Days Night (1964),
  Ticket to Ride (1965), Help! (1965), and
  Paperback Writer (1966)
• All subsequent Beatles albums would go to 1
• Capitol released albums that contained different
  songs than the original UK releases
• The Capitol releases also had different album
  titles
• Fearing they would be a passing fad, the Beatles
  worked furiously to accomplish as much as
  possible by touring, recording, not allowing a
  break in the momentum, which resulted in the most
  hits ever recorded by a popular music artist or
  group

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• They had become The Next Elvis
• Interesting to note that nobody now is looking
  for The Next Elvis
• Rather, there is always the question of who will
  be The Next Beatles
• Cant Buy Me Love and A Hard Days Night-
  British pop

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• There was a negative swing in 1966
• John Lennon remarked in a UK interview that
  religion was in a state of decline
• He said this was evident when a Beatles concert
  could outdraw a church service
• American journalists took his comments out of
  context by accusing Lennon of saying that the
  Beatles were bigger than Jesus
• This triggered uproar in the south involving
  bonfires of Beatles products
• The Beatles were threatened by the Ku Klux Klan
• The 1966 world tour was such a negative
  experience that the band decided to stop touring
• They were exhausted from the relentless pace
  theyd been on
• The U.S. controversy was the last straw
• They performed their last official concert to a
  ticketed audience on August 29, 1966 at San
  Franciscos Candlestick Park

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ix. How the beatles developed from craftsmen into
artists

• They began by imitating American artists
• They combined some stylistic elements of 1950s
  and early 1960s American pop
• Chuck Berry-like chords in the low register
• Hand claps from girl-group tunes of the early
  1960s
• Everly Brothers duet singing in the songs bridge
• Little Richards ooohs are frequently quoted
  in their songs
• They use a common American pop song form-AABA

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• They used the Brill Building and Tin Pan Alley
  formula approach to create their early songs
• Preexisting formula is applied to the process of
  assembling a song
• This is an example of how craftsmanship is used
  in the creative process
• Creative problems are solved by applying a proven
  solution to get the desired result. While
  considerably less creative, this method generates
  greater numbers of product
• The Beatles were under pressure to produce
  product quickly and efficiently in the beginning.
  Their inexperience forced them to use this
  approach in case their popularity faded quickly

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• As they grew into more accomplished musicians and
  songwriters they began using other techniques
• Classical music composers never solve the same
  problem twice the same way
• They continually explore new options that havent
  been tried so as to push the art form forward
• The Beatles evolved toward this approach as they
  became more comfortable in the studio
• In early 1966 they began bold new experiments in
  the production of Revolver Use of studio
  effects, stylistic juxtapositions, new timbral
  elements, structural elements

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• This approach is exemplified in Tomorrow Never
  Knows
• Simple verse form
• Lyrics are from the Tibetan Book of the
  Deadspiritual advice to those facing death
• The adaptation of the text was from Timothy
  Learys book The Psychedelic Experience
• Accompanying music is a static single harmonic
  drone
• Additional sounds in the recording are made from
  tape loops
• The song was mixed in real time, rendering a
  repeat of the mix impossible (also an art
  approach)

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• The bands lyrics also indicate a move toward
  creating art rather than crafting a product
• Early song lyrics are driven by Brill Building
  and Tin Pan Alley emphasis on innocent romantic
  themes
• In 1965 lyrics move into new unexplored territory
  involving previously unexplored topics
• Lennons Help! discusses loss of
  self-confidence that had accompanied youthful
  naivete
• His Norwegian Wood discusses sexual frustration
  after a one-night stand
• McCartneys Eleanor Rigby focuses on
  existential alienation a similar theme is
  present in his Shes Leaving Home on Sgt.
  Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band
• A profound influence on their lyrics is American
  folk music
• The leader in that movement at the time was Bob
  Dylan, whom theyd met in 1964

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• The Sgt. Pepper album cover features printed
  lyrics to the songs
• A first for commercial music
• This idea became very common after Sgt. Pepper
• The development of greater stylistic range
• Dylans influence is apparent on Lennons Youve
  Got to Hide Your Love Away from Help!
• On the same album, a classical-style string
  quartet accompaniment is used on McCartneys
  Yesterday
• Harrison uses a sitar on Rubber Souls Norwegian
  Wood

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• Revolver covers a wide range of styles
• Tomorrow Never Knows demonstrates startling
  technological techniques with profound lyrics
• Yellow Submarine has the character of a
  childrens song
• Got to Get You Into My Life introduces horn
  arrangments
• These trends indicate the gradual approach to the
  highly eclectic concepts on Sgt. Pepper
• The Beatles made use of their creative freedom in
  the studio to become the model for others to
  follow
• They moved from being craftsmen to artists
• Instilled a sense of seriousness and
  self-consciousness into rock musicians who
  followed their lead

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x. The rest of the british invade

• The Beatles opened the door for other British
  Invasion bands to follow them on to the U.S.
  charts
• These bands had a few things in common that
  create the British Invasion term Long hair,
  British accents, and band members sang and
  accompanied themselves on guitars and occasional
  keyboards
• British Invasion bands were at first perceived to
  be an extension of recent teen idolsonly foreign
• Their impact was assumed to be short-lived
• There was little concern over their stylistic
  derivation

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• The bands that arrived from England were met with
  great enthusiasm in America
• The Rolling Stones were the next most significant
  British Invasion band
• Presented the opposite image of the Beatles
  Sensual, dangerous, and rude. They were the
  anti-Beatles
• British Invasion bands ended up being categorized
  with respect to these two models
• Beatles-type
• Stones-type
• Beatles-type bands were noticeably more in the
  pop style
• Gerry and the Pacemakers
• Dave Clark Five

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• Stones-type bands were more blues-oriented
• Yardbirds
• Animals
• Some bands defied categorization
• The Who
• The Kinks
• Beatle-type band characteristics
• Several bands employed similar music concepts in
  their sound
• Gerry and the Pacemakers had multiple hits in
  England, starting with How Do You Do It
• Their one top 10 hit in America Dont Let the
  Sun Catch You Crying
• Londons Dave Clark Five had 9 top 40 American
  hits in 1964
• Liverpools Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas had 4
  singles in the top 40 in 1964
• The Searchers had 5 Top 40 American hits in 1964

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• In 1965 a second wave of British Invasion
  Beatle-type bands arrived from Manchester
• One of the most successful of these was Hermans
  Hermits with 14 Top 40 hits through 1968
  including Im Into Something Good, Mrs.
  Brown Youve Got a Lovely Daughter, Im Henry
  the VIII, I Am, Listen People, and Theres a
  Kind of Hush.
• Freddy and the Dreamers used humor in their act
  by demonstrating a silly dance the Freddy
• The Hollies enjoyed a good deal of chart success
• One member, Graham Nash, would later unite with
  future partners Steven Stills and David Crosby
• Known for tight vocal harmony arrangements and
  precise playing
• One of their biggest hits was Bus Stop

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• Hermans Hermits, Im Into Something Good
• Genre British Pop

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xi. The british blues revival

• The beginning of the blues side of the British
  Invasion were a type of undergound movement
• Interest in blues was instigated by guitarist
  Alexis Korner and harmonica player Cyril Davies
• Played blues between sets at performances of
  Chris Barbers trad band
• Barber owned a nightclub called the Marquee Club
• Korner and Davies began hosting blues nights for
  other blues enthusiasts
• Blues recordings were scarce in London and blues
  fans were careful to recreate the style
  faithfully
• Several early blues revival musicians later rose
  to great prominence in rock and roll history
  John Mayall, Stevie Winwood, Eric Clapton, Jack
  Bruce, and John McLaughlin

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• The Rolling Stones (early years)
• The original membership Mick Jagger, vocals
  Keith Richards, guitar Brian Jones, guitar Bill
  Wyman, bass Charlie Watts, drums Ian Stewart,
  piano (though he didnt stay with the group for
  very long)
• They conveyed a more radical side of the British
  Invasion concept (Brash, Nonconformist, and
  rebellious)
• Not influenced by softer American pop music
  styles as were the Beatles and other Beatle-type
  bands
• The Rolling Stones drew from the 1950s Chicago
  electric blues tradition
• Blues that featured slide guitar, harmonica, and
  vocal delivery styles similar to Muddy Waters

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• They were involved in the blues revival that was
  taking place in London in the early 1960s
• Jones was originally the leader, forming the
  Stones in 1962 to cover American blues songs
• Patterned after Korner and Davies group Blues
  Incorporated
• They got a regular gig at the Crawdaddy Club in
  Richmond
• Club manager, Giorgio Gomelsky, took up managing
  the Stones and helped build their following
• After the group left for bigger things, they were
  succeeded by the Yardbirds
• Gomelsky also managed them
• The Rolling Stones were signed to Decca records
  at George Harrisons suggestion

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• Andrew Loog Oldham and Eric Easton began managing
  the band in 1963
• Oldham and Easton set up a lucrative deal that
  was inspired by Phil Spector
• Decca had exclusive rights to Rolling Stones
  recordings, but the band retained ownership of
  the recordings
• Oldham took on the role of producer, though he
  had no studio experience
• Hed worked for Brian Epstein promoting other
  bands Epstein managed
• In the beginning the Stones didnt write their
  own material
• They covered American rhythm and blues and rock
  and roll songs
• They debuted with a cover version of Chuck
  Berrys Come On
• The next single I Wanna Be Your Man by good
  friends Lennon and McCartney
• Their third was a cover of Buddy Hollys Not
  Fade Away

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• Oldham ordered Jagger and Richards to start
  writing their own songs like the Beatles were
  doing
• Their first original to be a hit in the UK was
  The Last Time
• Original material appeared gradually during the
  first few years
• Their covers reveal their dedication to American
  rhythm and blues and country and western styles
• One of their songs was a hit for Marianne
  Faithful As Tears Go By

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• The Stones took longer to catch on in the United
  States
• Their rebellious image wasnt as well received as
  the cleaner image projected by the Beatles-type
  groups
• Eventually their trouble-maker image began to
  be better received by teens in the U.S.
• Their first 1 hit was (I Cant Get No)
  Satisfaction in the summer of 1965
• This reinforced their bad boy image with lyrics
  that seemed controversial
• General topic is about disillusionment over the
  superficiality of daily life
• Some claim the last verse refers to sexual
  frustration and masturbation
• The song features a particularly dirty guitar
  sound produced by Richard on a fuzz tone device

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• A string of hits followed Get Off My Cloud ,
  As Tears Go By, 19th Nervous Breakdown, and
  Paint It, Black
• Rolling Stones stylistic derivations and
  influences
• They were capable of genuine dedication to blues
  when they covered those songs
• They tended to avoid strict 12-bar blues
  approaches to their own material
• They would use the same overall form as found in
  1950s writers styles like Berry and Holly
• They avoided Brill Building AABA forms that the
  Beatles did frequently use

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• (I Cant Get No) Satisfaction by The Rolling
  Stones
• Genre British Blues
• Paint It, Black by The Rolling Stones
• Genre British Blues

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xii. Other important british blues revival groups

• The Yardbirds
• Replaced the Rolling Stones at the Crawdaddy Club
  when they left
• Even more dedicated to the blues than the Stones
  Keith Relf on vocals, Paul Samwell-Smith on bass,
  Jim McCarty on drums, Chris Dreja and Tony Topham
  on guitar
• Topham was replaced by lead guitarist Eric
  Clapton
• Clapton was replaced by Jeff Beck, who was
  subsequently replaced by Jimmy Page
• They developed long, improvisatory sections at
  the end of songs displaying members virtuousity

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• These can be seen as a model for styles that
  appear later that focus on improvisation
• Exemplified by their recording of Howlin Wolfs
  Smokestack Lightening in 1964
• Little chart success until they recorded Graham
  Gouldmans For Your Love
• Studion musicians were used on the verses, as was
  a common practice on pop records
• The entire band only played in the middle bridge
  section
• Clapton disapproved of this pop music approach
  and quit the band
• He was replaced by Jeff Beck
• Manager Gomelsky was producing their recordings
  at this time

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• For Your Love by the Yardbirds
• Genre British Blues

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• Becks more experimental style contributed to the
  success of Heart Full of Soul
• The band recorded two songs at Chicagos Chess
  Records in 1966
• Their first original single, Shapes of Things
• A cover of Bo Diddleys Im a Man
• The bands last hit single was Over, Under,
  Sideways, Down
• Produced by Simon Napier-Bell and bassist
  Samwell-Smith
• Samwell-Smith left to work on producing bands
• He was replaced by Jimmy Page on bass
• For a short while, both Page and Beck were in the
  band at the same time
• Page and guitarist Dreja switched roles and Page
  became the other guitarist with Beck in 1966

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• Beck quit and Page continued on with the band
  until they disbanded in 1968
• Page formed a new band, the New Yardbirds, to
  finish out the Yardbirds commitments
• He changed the name of this new group to Led
  Zeppelin
• The Animals came from Newcastle in North England
• Their early background
• Preceded the Rolling Stones and Yardbirds with
  hits in the UK and United States
• Lead singer Eric Burton and known for their wild
  stage presence
• Played in Hamburgs Star Club
• Moved to London in 1964

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• Important break came with a chance to play on a
  Chuck Berry tour in the UK
• They played House of the Rising Sun, a slow
  folk-blues number
• It was a contrast to all the other rock and roll
  songs on the tour
• They recorded the song and it was a hit in the UK
  and the United States
• They had a string of hits produced by Hermans
  Hermits producer Mickey Most Dont Let Me Be
  Misunderstood, Weve Gotta Get Out of This
  Place, Its My Life
• They had more hits with new producer Tom Wilson
  Inside Looking Out, Dont Bring Me Down

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• House of the Rising Sun by The Animals
• Genre British Blues

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• The original band disbanded and Burton continued
  as Eric Burton and the Animals
• Bassist Chas Chandler discovered and managed Jimi
  Hendrix
• Other musicians in the blues scene eventually
  rose to great notoriety
• Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames
• The Graham Bond Organization
• Police guitarist Andy Summers was a member of
  Zoot Moneys Big Roll Band
• Singer-organist Stevie Winwood (Spencer Davis
  Group) was known as the best British blues
  vocalist Keep On Runnin, was a hit in the UK,
  Somebody Help Me, also a UK hit, Gimme Some
  Lovin, and Im a Man

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• The Kinks and the Who had ties to both general
  categories
• Like the Beatles, both groups had strong
  songwriting members
• The Kinks had Ray Davies
• The Who had Pete Townsend
• Like the Stones, both groups used raw power and
  rhythmic drive
• The Kinks were formed in 1963 Brothers Ray and
  Dave Davies on guitar and vocal, Peter Quaife on
  bass, Mick Avory on drums
• The band had a string of hits from 1964-1966
  You Really Got Me was covered by Van Halen in
  1978, All Day and All of the Night, Tired of
  Waiting for You, Till the End of the Day, A
  Well-Respected Man focused on clever social
  critique in step with the Beatles trends, and
  Dedicated Follower of Fashion also clever
  lyrics with social critique

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• You Really Got Me by The Kinks
• Genre British Rock

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• The Who
• Formed in 1962, they didnt rise into prominence
  until the late 1960s
• They built their act around captivating stage
  performance
• Songs were written by Townshend
• Singer Roger Daltry fronted the band
• John Entwistle provided ambitious bass lines
• Drummer Keith Moon was known for his wild
  drumming style
• They had several UK hits during the early 1960s
  before breaking through in the United States I
  Cant Explain, Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere, My
  Generation with famous stuttering G-Generation
  in the lyric, Substitute, Im a Boy

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• In 1967 they had their first substantial U.S. hit
  with I Can See for Miles, charting at 9
• The Who focused attention on two London youth
  culture factions the Mods and the Rockers
• The Mod subculture
• Mods dressed meticulously and listened to rhythm
  and blues and Motown music
• Rode Vespa motor scooters often embellished with
  too many rear-view mirrors
• Used amphetamines to stay out all night partying
  and dancing
• Frequented clubs where the Who played regularly
• The Rockers emulated Marlon Brandos motorcycle
  gang leader character in The Wild One film

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• Wore leather clothes
• Rode motorcycles
• Often engaged in brawls with the Mods
• The Who released a concept album in 1973 about
  the riots that broke out in Brighton Beach in
  1964
• The album was titled Quadrophenia
• In 1979 they produced a film version of the
  albums story line
• My Generation by The Who
• Genre British Rock

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xiii. The impact of the beatles and british
invasion bands that followed

• The Beatles ushered in a new era in the UK
  focused on British musicians and songwriters
• British youth had only been interested in
  American music and performance stylists during
  the 1950s
• The Beatles success in America allowed British
  bands to gain acceptance and credibility there
• Initial focus in America was on superficial
  elements of appearance and culture
• The fact that two distinct styles arrived
  concurrently generated a broader audience

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• The American music industry was unexpectedly
  shaken out of its control of the music business
• Phil Spector learned his craft from Leiber and
  Stoller
• The Wall of Sound concept was already developed
  and in use for earlier songs
• There was a clear incentive to regain the record
  sales lost to English record labels
• American musicians drew inspiration from British
  Invasion bands and began forming their own styles