Topic 1: Cells-structure, function, membranes, different types

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Topic 1 Cells-structure, function, membranes,
different types
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Topic 2 Photosynthesis
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Topic 3 Respiration
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Topic 4 cell division-mitosis and meiosis
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Topic 5 Molecular genetics transcription,
translation, DNA structure replication,
genetics
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Topic 6 Evolution classification - natural
selection, speciation, classification
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Cell division-mitosis and meiosis
Evolution and Classification
Plant Systems
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Cells
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Double Jeopardy!
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Cells
This bond is formed when a hydrogen atom
covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is
also attracted to another electronegative atom
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Cells
What is a hydrogen bond?
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Cells
In a prokaryotic cell, the DNA is concentrated in
this region that is not separated from the rest
of the region by a membrane
200
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Cells
What is a nucleoid?
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Cells
Amoebas and many other protists eat by engulfing
smaller organisms or other food particles in this
process
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Cells
What is phagocytosis?
300
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Cells
The chloroplast is a specialized member of
closely related plant organelles called
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Cells
What are plastids?
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Cells
The tissue in the interior of the leaf
500
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Cells
What is the mesophyll?
500
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Photosynthesis
self-feeders that sustain themselves by
producing their organic materials from CO2 and
other inorganic raw materials obtained from the
environment
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Photosynthesis
What are autotrophs?
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Photosynthesis
A type of photosynthetic cells that is arranged
into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a
leaf
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Photsynthesis
What are bundle-sheath cells?
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Photsynthesis
What colors on the spectrum are most effective in
driving photsynthesis?
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Photsynthesis
What are violet-blue and red?
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Photsynthesis
Plants that preface the Calvin cycle with an
alternative mode of carbon fixation that forms a
four-carbon compound as its first product
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Photosynthesis
What are C4 plants?
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Photosynthesis
The process that requires cooperation of the two
photosystems
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Photosynthesis
What is reduction of NADP?
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Respiration
The enzyme that makes ATP from ADP and inorganic
phosphate in the intermembrane of the
mitochondrion
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Respiration
What is ATP synthase?
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Respiration
The catabolic process that is a partial
degradation of sugars that occurs without the use
of oxygen
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Respiration
What is fermentation?
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Respiration
The transfer of one or more electrons in chemical
reactions from one reactant to another
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Respiration
What are redox reactions?
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Respiration
This occurs in the cytosol and begins the
degradation process by breaking glucose into two
molecules of pyruvate
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Respiration
What is glycolysis?
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Respiration
The enzyme that catalyzes step 3 of glycolysis
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Respiration
Phosphofructokinase
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Cell division
The result of mitotic cell division
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Cell division
What are genetically identical daughter cells?
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Cell division
The products of meiosis
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Cell division
What are gametes?
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Cell division
The meiosis phase in which chromosomes replicate
during the S phase but remain uncondensed
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Cell division
What is interphase?
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Cell division
The spread of cancer cells to locations distant
from their original site
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Cell division
What is metastasis?
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Cell division
The longest stage of mitosis
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Cell division
What is metaphase?
500
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Evolution/Classification
The process by which humans have modified other
species over many generations by selecting and
breeding individuals that possessed desired traits
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Evolution
What is artificial selection?
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Evolution/Classification
Structures of marginal, if any, importance to the
organism
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Evolution/Classification
What are vestigial organs?
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Evolution/Classification
The theorem that states that the frequencies of
alleles and genotypes in a populations gene pool
remain constant from generation to generation,
provided that only Mendelian segregation and
recombination of alleles are at work
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Evolution/Classification
What is the Hardy-Weinberg theorem?
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Evolution/Classification
The contribution an individual makes to the gene
pool of the next generation, relative to the
contributions of other individuals
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Evolution/Classification
What is fitness?
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Evolution/Classification
A state of stable frequencies of two or more
phenotypic forms in a population
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Evolution/Classification
What is balanced polymorphism?
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Plant systems
How plants obtain nitrogen
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Plant systems
What is nitrogen-fixing bacteria?
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Plant systems
The nutritional requirements of plants
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Plant systems
What are H20, C02, O2, and minerals?
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Plant systems
The loss of water vapor through leaves that pull
water up from the roots
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Plant systems
What is transpiration?
300
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Plant systems
The chemical element that controls the opening
and closing of guard cells
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Plant systems
What is K?
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Plant systems
When a plant cells protoplasts shrink and pull
away from its wall when as water leaves the cell
by osmosis
500
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Plant systems
What is plasmolyzation?
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Double Jeopardy!!!
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Topic 7 Animal Systems
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Topic 8Ecology
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Topic 9Labs
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Topic 10 Biotechnology
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Topic 11Molecular genetics transcription,
translation, DNA structure replication,
genetics
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Topic 12 Stuff We Didnt Cover
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Animal Systems
Molecular Genetics
Stuff We Didnt Cover
Labs
Ecology
Biotechnology
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Final Jeopardy!
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Animal Systems
When the immune system loses tolerance for self
and turns against certain molecules of the body
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Animal Systems
What is an autoimmune disease?
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Animal Systems
A chemical involved in a localized inflammatory
response that triggers dilation and increased
permeability of nearby capillaries
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Animal Systems
What is histamine?
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Animal Systems
The source of O2 for animals
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Animal Systems
What is the respiratory medium?
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Animal Systems
Cells on the interior surface of the stomach that
secrete hydrochloric acid
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Animal Systems
What are parietal cells?
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Animal Systems
Another name for red blood cells, the most
numerous type of blood cells
1000
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Animal Systems
What are erythrocytes?
1000
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Ecology
The type of ecology that applies ecological
principles to return humanly disturbed ecosystems
back to their normal state
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Ecology
What is restoration ecology?
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Ecology
A species-rich boundary between ecosystems
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Ecology
What is a boundary?
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Ecology
The four abiotic components of climate
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Ecology
What are temperature, water, sunlight, and wind?
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Ecology
Species whose population size is primarily
determined by birth rate
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Ecology
What are R-related species?
800
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Ecology
The theory that views foraging behavior as a
compromise between the benefits of nutrition and
the costs of obtaining food
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Ecology
What is the optimal foraging theory?
1000
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Labs
Inquiry Do the alleles for seed color and seed
shape sort into gametes dependently or
independently?
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Labs
Conclusion The results supported the hypothesis
of independent assortment. The alleles for seed
color and seed shape sort into games
independently of each other
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Labs
Field study Ecologists MacArthur and Wilson
studies the number of plant species on the
Galapagos Islands, which vary greatly in size, in
relation to the area of each island
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Labs
Conclusion The results of the study showed that
plant species richness increased with island
size, supporting the species-area theory
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Labs
Inquiry How does interrupting the dark period
plants need with a brief exposure to light affect
flowering?
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Labs
Conclusion Flowering of each species was
determined by a critical period of darkness for
that species, not by a specific period of light.
Therefore, short-day plants are really
long-night plants, and long-day plants are
really short-night plants
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Labs
Inquiry Can predation pressure select for size
and age at maturity in guppies?
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Labs
Conclusion Reznic and Endler (experimenters)
found that the change in predator resulted in
different variations in the population being
favored. Over a short time, this altered
selection pressure resulted in an observable
evolutionary change in the experimental population
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Labs
Inquiry How does distribution of the gray
crescent at the first cleavage affect the potency
of the two daughter cells?
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Labs
Conclusion The totipotency of the two
blastomeres normally formed during the first
cleavage division depends on cytoplasmic
determinants localized in the gray crescent
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Biotechnology
Genomics
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Biotechnology
What is the study of whole sets of genes and
their interactions?
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Biotechnology
A method to separate DNA or proteins based on
size and charge
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Biotechnology
What is gel electrophoresis?
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Biotechnology
A cloning vector that contains a highly active
prokaryotic promoter just upstream of a
restriction site where the eukaryotic gene can be
inserted in the correct reading frame
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Biotechnology
What is an expression vector?
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Biotechnology
The combination of RFLP and nucleic acid probe
hybridization that transfers DNA from gel to a
solid substrate
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Biotechnology
What is Southern blot analysis?
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Biotechnology
A tool for cloning eukaryotic genes which combine
the essentials of a eukaryotic chromosome- an
origin for DNA replication, a centromere, and two
telomeres, with foreign DNA
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Biotechnology
What are yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs)?
1000
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Molecular Genetics
The carrier of information from DNA to the cells
protein-synthesized machinery transcribed from
the template strand of a gene
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Molecular Genetics
What is messenger RNA?
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Molecular Genetics
The replacement of one nucleotide and its partner
with another pair of nucleotides
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Molecular Genetics
What is a base-pair substitution?
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Molecular Genetics
The noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie
between coding regions
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Molecular Genetics
What are introns?
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Molecular Genetics
How new genes evolve
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Molecular Genetics
What is exon shuffling?
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Molecular Genetics
An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new
DNA at a replication fork by the addition of
nucleotides to the existing chain
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Stuff We Didnt Cover
What is DNA polymerase?
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Stuff We Didnt Cover
The perceptions of olfaction dependent on
chemoreceptors that detect specific chemicals in
the environment
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Stuff We Didnt Cover
What is smell?
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Stuff We Didnt Cover
This type of eye found in some invertebrates such
as insects consists of up to several thousand
light detectors called ommatidia
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Stuff We Didnt Cover
What are compound eyes?
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Stuff We Didnt Cover
When focusing on a close object, the lens of the
eye becomes almost spherical
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Stuff We Didnt Cover
What is accommodation?
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Stuff We Didnt Cover
Cells that synapse with bipolar cells and
transmit action potentials to the brain via axons
in the optic nerve
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Stuff We Didnt Cover
What are ganglion cells?
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Stuff We Didnt Cover
When signal molecules cause changes in nearby
target cells
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Stuff We Didnt Cover
What is induction?
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Final Jeopardy!!!
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Final Jeopardy!!!
The ability of the zygote in many species to
develop into all the cells types found in the
adult
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Final Jeopardy!!!
What is totipotency?