Brown v. Board of Education 1954

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Brown v. Board of Education 1954

• Black children were denied admission to public
  schools attended by white children under laws
  requiring or permitting segregation according to
  the races.
• The white and black schools approached equality
  in terms of buildings, curricula, qualifications,
  and teacher salaries, but not with the actual
  students of the schools.
• The ultimate decision by the Warren Court was
  that segregation of schools was not permitted any
  more, because racial segregation in public
  education has a major effect on impoverished
  children given the fact that they feel inferior
  towards the majority group.
• This was significant since it established that
  the separate but equal phrase given in Plessy
  v. Ferguson was unconstitutional which overturned
  Dred Scott v. Sanford and Plessy v. Ferguson.

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Murder of Emmitt Till 1955

• Emmett Till was visiting his relatives near
  Money, Mississippi, and was unaccustomed to the
  severe segregation of the South since he lived in
  Chicago, Illinois. After he had talked to a white
  store clerk, four days later the husband of the
  store clerk Roy Bryant and J.W. Milam, his
  brother-in-law, kidnapped and brutally murdered
  Emmitt.
• The pictures of the murder were horrifying and
  drove waves of emotion towards blacks and whites,
  but sadly in the end the segregated Mississippi
  court house cleared the two men as innocent.
• The impact of the Emmett Till case on black
  America was even greater than that of the Brown
  decision. For the first time, northern blacks saw
  that violence against blacks in the South could
  affect them in the North.
• Blacks, in the North as well as in the South,
  would not easily forget the murder of Emmett
  Till.

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Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott

• Dec. 1, 1955 African American Rosa Parks was
  arrested after violating bus segregation laws by
  not surrendering her seat to a white man
• She was charged with disorderly conduct.
• Dec. 5, 1955 First Day of the boycott which
  lasted until Dec. 21, 1956.
• African Americans realized they had economic
  power which could be used to promote Civil Rights

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Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott
Young woman hitch-hiking instead of taking the bus
Rosa Parks
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Southern Christian Leadership Conference 1957

• Formed to carry on nonviolent crusades against
  the evils of second class citizenship.
• Formed by Martin Luther King Jr.
• This was significant because it allowed the
  leaders of the Black community to collaborate and
  protest as one in order to overcome white
  supremacy.

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Central Rock High School

• Three years after the Supreme Court's Brown v.
  Board of Education decision a federal court
  ordered Little Rock, Arkansas to comply.
• On September 4, 1957, Governor Orval Faubus
  defied the court, calling in the Arkansas
  National Guard to prevent nine African American
  students--"The Little Rock Nine"--from entering
  the building.
• Within hours the mob had beaten several
  reporters and smashed many of the school's
  windows and doors. By noon, local police were
  forced to evacuate the nine students.

http//www.nps.gov/nr/travel/civilrights/ar1.htm
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Central Rock High School

• On September 24, 1957 President Eisenhower put
  the Arkansas National Guard under federal command
  along with the soldiers from the 101st Airborne
  Division to Little Rock to protect the black
  students and restore order.
• Note that Eisenhower did not do this to because
  he believed in it, but because it was his duty to
  carry out the law of the land
• This shows how Whites, even those in power, did
  everything they could to prevent the
  desegregation of African-Americas, and how Blacks
  persevered and remained strong. The story of the
  Little Rock Nine would help give minority
  privileges in white schools, and further
  encourage desegregation around the nation.

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Lorraine Hansberrys Raisin in the sun

• Written in 1959 by a black women, Raisin in the
  Sun was a play that showed the struggles of
  blacks in America.
• It was nominated for four Tony Awards and was
  performed on Broadway.
• Premiered on march 11, 1959

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Fun Facts

• Received mixed reviews but was one of the most
  critically acclaimed and popular plays on
  Broadway for a few years.
• First play written by a black woman to be on
  Broadway, as well as first play to be directed by
  a black man on Broadway.

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Motown

• Motown is a type of music that is a fusion of
  blues and pop as well as gospel rhythms and
  ballad harmonies.
• This kind of music was associated with Black
  artists, and was flourishing during this time
  period.
• Motown Records was a record company formed by
  Berry Gordy Jr. in Detroit.
• This was a big step in Black culture becoming
  public and even to a certain extent, respected by
  society in general.

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Greensboro Sit-ins (1960)

• The four college students were from the
  Agricultural and Technical College of North
  Carolina, they became known as the Greensboro 4

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Greensboro Sit-in

• The Greensboro sit-ins were a series of
  nonviolent protests which led to the Woolworths
  department store chain reversing its policy of
  racial segregation in the southern United States.
  These sit-ins were followed by many hundreds more
  by college students across the nation.

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Freedom Rides

• Desegregating in public transportation throughout
  the south. These became know as the "Freedom
  Rides". 
• First Freedom Ride took place on May 4, 1961.
• Rode buses from Washington DC to the deep south.
• At first noticed no severe violence but it
  escalated into one of the buses being burnt down.
• Was a successful way to stop segregation in
  interstate bus and railways.

M.L.K.Jr. In a freedom ride.
Burning Bus at Anniston, Alabama
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James Meredith

• He was born in 1933 and attempted to get into the
  University of Mississippi in 1961 but was denied
  access twice. He made a lawsuit against the
  University and the court ruled in his favor.
  After threats from fellow students he got the
  Attorney General, Robert Kennedy, to send federal
  marshals to protect him. There was conflict
  between the marshals and protestors that resulted
  in the injury of 160 marshals and the death of 2
  protestors. He graduated in 1964 and became a
  civil rights activists. After participating in a
  march for civil rights he was shot by a sniper.
  People such as MLK Jr. marched for him and he
  recovered.

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Project C April-May 1963Birmingham, Alabama

• The name given to the plan devised by Martin
  Luther King and the Southern Christian Leadership
  Conference
• Challenged the system of segregation in
  Birmingham, Alabama
• The "C" stood for confrontation
• Nonviolent direct action through peaceful
  demonstrations, rallies, boycotts, and appeals to
  justice
• Used to attract national attention and create
  public sympathy for the cause of desegregation by
  targeting Bull Connor's tendency to react to
  demonstrations with violence
• Martin Luther King was arrested by Birmingham
  policy on Good Friday, April 12, 1963
• Helped the push for outlawing segregation

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George Wallace at University of Alabama

• In order to stop desegregation at the University,
  he stood in front of the door of Foster
  Auditorium which became known as the Stand at
  the Schoolhouse Door. This was in 1963, while he
  was Governor of Alabama. He Finally moved when
  confronted by federal marshals, the Deputy
  Attorney General and the Alabama National Guard.
• This showed a public and political resistance to
  desegregation, but also demonstrated the lengths
  the government would go to in order to implement
  desegregation.

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Medgar Evers

• A WWII veteran and civil rights activist. He
  was murdered by Byron De La Beckwith on June 12,
  1963, inspiring protests and activism in civil
  rights issues.

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Only a Pawn in Their Game Bob Dylan A bullet
from the back of a bush took Medgar Evers'
bloodA finger fired the trigger to his nameA
handle hid out in the darkA hand set the
sparkTwo eyes took the aimBehind a man's
brainBut he can't be blamedHe's only a pawn in
their game.
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The March on WashingtonAugust 28, 1963

• One Hundred years after the signing of the
  Emancipation Proclamation, Philip A. Randolph, a
  prominent civil rights leader of the time
  initiated the march. 250,000 people attended.
• Martin Luther King Jr. also made his I Have A
  Dream Speech during this march.

• This event is significant because it was the
  largest demonstration to ever march on Washington
  dc and impacted the passage of civil rights
  legislation as well as giving a precedent for
  later anti-war, feminist, and environmental
  movements.

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Pictures of the March
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Birmingham Bombing

• On September 15, 1963, four girls attending
  Sunday School were killed by a bomb in what
  became one of the many nationally publicized
  events that revealed to the rest of the nation
  how widespread brutal racism was in the South.
  These blatant acts of violence by white
  supremacists soured public opinion against racism
  and discrimination and helped to pass through
  significant civil-rights legislation.

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Sidney Poitier

• Born in 1927 he became the fist black man to win
  an Academy Award. He was a very famous actor and
  he was well know for his movies that displayed
  the horrors of the apartheid in South Africa. He
  also stared in A Raisin in the Sun. He was a
  very inspirational man during a rough time for
  the black community.

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A letter from a Birmingham Jail

• Written by Martin Luther King Jr. on April 16,
  1963
• It eloquently defended the Civil Rights movement
  that was sweeping through America in the 1960s,
  as well as the methods of nonviolence and the
  coordinated demonstrations that were utilized by
  the African-Americans.
• It described the injustices of segregation and
  how the black community yearned for equality

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Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

• Founded in April 1960, by young people who were
  inspired by the sit-in in Greensboro to promoted
  nonviolence, acceptance, peace, and hope
• Opposed the Vietnam War
• Helped bring about the Feminist movement
• Eventually incorporated the philosophy of Black
  Power

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Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Angela Yvonne Davis a political activist and
university professor associated with the SNCC
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Freedom Summer

• The summer of 1964 thousands of civil rights
  activists, many of them white college students
  from the North, went to Mississippi and other
  Southern states to try to end the long-time
  suppression of black voting rights
• was organized by the Mississippi Council of
  Federated Organizations, which was led by the
  CORE, NAACP, and SNCC.

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Freedom Summer

• The organization of the Mississippi Freedom Party
  (MFDP) was a major focus of this movement, which
  challenged the seating of the all white delegates
  of Mississippi's Democratic Party
• The most infamous act of violence was the murder
  of three young civil rights workers on June 21, a
  black volunteer, James Chaney, and his white
  coworkers, Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner

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Freedom Summer

• Established 30 "Freedom Schools" in Mississippi
  to address the racial inequalities in
  Mississippi's educational system.
• They had hoped to draw at least 1000 students
  that first summer, and ended up with 3000. They
  became a model for future social programs like
  Head Start

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Freedom Summer
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Civil Rights Act of 1964

• Lyndon B. Johnson, Great Society
• Prohibited discrimination in public places,
  mandated the integration of schools, banned
  discrimination in the workplace.

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A cartoon with Republicans holding keys labeled
Republican Aid
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Mississippi Burning
in June of 1964. Three Civil Rights volunteers,
James Chaney, Michael Schwerner, and Andrew
Goodman drove to Mississippi after hearing about
a Klan attack. They were arrested June 21 by
Deputy Price in Neshoba County, Mississippi and
were held in jail under suspicion of arson in the
Mount Zion Church fire. The three were released
but were stopped within county limits by the same
deputy and the Klan attacked. Each of the men
were shot and buried in a dam.  The disappearance
of the three workers sparked national attention
and could not be ignored by President Johnson.
The FBI sent agents to investigate the case,
called MIBURN and began an investigation with
the involvement of multiple agents and the NAVY.
On August 4th the FBI uncovered the corpses and
discovered how they were murdered.
http//crime.about.com/od/history/p/ms_burn.htm
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Mississippi Burning
The case was held in Mississippi (judge Cox) but
the court took their time in charging the
murderers and they did not enter federal prison
until 1970.of the 18 defendants, seven were found
guilty and eight not guilty and received up to 10
years of jail time. Cox was later quoted in
regards to his sentences, "They killed one
nigger, one Jew, and a white man -- I gave them
all what I thought they deserved. This was not
only an event that received nationwide attention
but it also led to many demonstrations concerning
the 3 murdered and the actions taken against the
KKK members. It would also lead to the
questioning and fairness of our legal system.
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Muhammad Ali

• When he was in his teens he won six Kentucky
  Golden Gloves titles, two national Golden Gloves
  titles, an Amateur Athletic Union National Title,
  and the Light Heavywieght gold medal in the 1960
  Summer Olympics, after which he became a
  professional
• His first title fight he fought Sonny Liston and
  became the youngest boxer (age 22) ever to take
  the title from a reigning heavyweight champion

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Muhammad Ali

• Ali was originally born Cassius Marcellus Clay,
  Jr. he was given his new name by the Nation of
  Islam about a month after he announced his
  membership he won his first title
• Ali had secretly been attending meetings for
  about three year and knew Malcolm X and Elijah
  Muhammad
• He also openly supported separatism

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Muhammad Ali

• Ali declared that he would refuse to serve in the
  U.S. Army when he was drafted. Ali said he wasnt
  trying to dodge the draft. He also said in 1966
  "I ain't got no quarrel with them Viet Cong ...
  They never called me n."
• on April 28, 1967 in Houston, he refused three
  times to step forward at the call of his name. He
  was arrested and on the same day the New York
  State Athletic Commission suspended his boxing
  license and stripped him of his title. Other
  boxing commissions followed suit.
• At the trial on June 20, 1967 the jury found Ali
  guilty. After a Court of Appeals upheld the
  conviction, the case went to the U.S. Supreme
  Court. During this time, the public began turning
  against the war and support for Ali began to
  grow. Ali supported himself by speaking at
  colleges and universities across the country,
  where opposition to the war was especially
  strong. On June 28, 1971, the Supreme Court
  reversed his conviction for refusing induction by
  unanimous decision in Clay v. U.S.

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The Fight of the Century

• Ali and Frazier met in the ring on March 8, 1971,
  at Madison Square Garden. The fight, known as
  '"The Fight of the Century," was one of the most
  eagerly anticipated bouts of all time and remains
  one of the most famous. It featured two skilled,
  undefeated fighters, both of whom had legitimate
  claims to the heavyweight crown.The fight lived
  up to the hype, and Frazier punctuated his
  victory by flooring Ali with a hard, leaping left
  hook in the 15th and final round. Frazier
  retained the title on a unanimous decision,
  dealing Ali his first professional loss.

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The Rumble in The Jungle

• Almost no one, not even Ali's long-time supporter
  Howard Cosell, gave the former champion a chance
  of winning. During the bout, Ali employed an
  unexpected strategy. In the second round, the
  challenger retreated to the ropesinviting
  Foreman to hit him, while counterpunching and
  verbally taunting the younger man. Ali's plan was
  to enrage Foreman and absorb his best blows to
  exhaust him mentally and physically. While
  Foreman threw wide shots to Ali's body, Ali
  countered with stinging straight punches to
  Foreman's head. Ali's tactic of leaning on the
  ropes, covering up, and absorbing ineffective
  body shots was later termed The Rope-A-Dope".
• By the end of the seventh round, Foreman was
  exhausted. In the eighth round, Ali dropped
  Foreman with a combination at center ring and
  Foreman failed to make the count. Against the
  odds, Ali had regained the title.

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Muhammad Ali
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Malcolm X assassinatedFebruary 21, 1965

• Malcolm X was an African-American Muslim
  minister, public speaker, and human rights
  activist who preached racism, black supremacy,
  anti-Semitism, and violence
• Malcolm X was making a speech to a crowd of 400
  people at the Organization of Afro-American Unity
  when a disturbance broke out
• He and his bodyguards moved to quiet the
  disturbance when a man rushed forward and shot
  him in the chest with a sawed-off shotgun

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Selma, Alabama

• The march from Selma to Montgomery began on March
  7, but police and state troopers attacked them
  and forced them to stop
• Martin Luther King Jr, with support from many
  people who saw the violence on television,
  planned another march two days later.
• Eventually, SCLC got federal court permission for
  the march, which took 5 days
• Voting Rights Act 1965 President Johnson signed
  into law

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Selma to Montgomery
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Voting Rights Act (August 6 1965)

• The 1965 Voting Rights Act followed the 1964
  Civil Rights Act.
• The brutality in Alabama against voting rights
  marches led by MLK moved Congress to pass the
  Voting Rights Act of 1965.
• The act outlawed literacy tests and poll taxes as
  a way of assessing whether anyone was fit or
  unfit to vote
• By the end of 1966, only 4 out of the traditional
  13 Southern states, had less than 50 of African
  Americans registered to vote. By 1968, even
  hard-line Mississippi had 59 of African
  Americans registered. In the longer term, far
  more African Americans were elected into public
  office. The Act was the boost that the civil
  rights cause needed.

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Watts Riots

• Watts Riots of 1965 refers to a large-scale riot
  which lasted 6 days in the Watts neighborhood of
  Los Angeles, California, in August 1965. By the
  time the riot subsided, 34 people had been
  killed, 1,032 injured, and 3,438 arrested. Racial
  tension had been building in the area and
  escalated to the point of large scale riots. This
  was a response by blacks protesting brutality by
  white police officers

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Black Power- Stokely Carmichael 1966

• When the CORE and SNCC changed from interracial
  organizations committed to achieving integration
  nonviolently to all black groups advocating
  racial separatism and Black Power, the SNCC
  chairman Carmichael stated that blacks need to
  raise themselves to power and integration was a
  subterfuge for the maintenance of white
  supremacy.

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Black Power- Stokely Carmichael 1966

• This is significant because it called for black
  people in the United States to unite, recognize
  their heritage, and to build a sense of community.

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The Black Panthers

• The Black Panthers, originally called the Black
  Panther party for Self Defense, were a political,
  far left organization that was active in the
  United States between 1966 and 1982.
• The Black panthers original goal was to defend
  African Americans from police brutality.

• They transitioned into a political organization
  that embraced Socialism and Maoist Communism.
  They imposed several programs to fight poverty
  and improve health in under privileged
  neighborhoods.

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The Black Panthers
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Thurgood Marshall

• Before becoming the first African-American to
  serve as a Supreme Court Justice through
  President Lyndon Johnsons 1967 nomination,
  Marshall was most famous for his victory in Brown
  v. Board of Education (1954), a landmark case
  that nullified the separate but equal doctrine
  established by Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896).

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Edward Brooke

• First popularly elected black senator in 1966
• Moderate Republican
• Represented entire constituency, not just blacks
• Criticized militant civil rights activists
• Attached an anti-discrimination amendment to
  Civil Rights Act of 1968
• Pushed for MLK Day as a holiday

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Assassination of Martin Luther king Jr.

• Martin Luther King Jr. was the most important
  voice of the American civil rights movement,
  which worked for equal rights for all.
• was famous for using nonviolent resistance to
  overcome injustice
• He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee, when
  he was just 39 years old
• At 601 p.m. on April 4, 1968, Dr. Martin Luther
  King, Jr., who had been standing on the balcony
  of his room at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, TN,
  was killed.

James Earl Ray The assassin.
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Shirley Chisholm

• Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in
  1968 and she became the first African American
  woman to serve in Congress.
• During her 15 years in the House, she was known
  for her strong liberal views, including her
  opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War
  and her advocacy of full-employment programs.
• She cofounded the National Women's Political
  Caucus.
• As a candidate for the Democratic Party's 1972
  U.S. presidential nomination, first African
  American woman to run for the office, she won 152
  delegates before withdrawing from the race.

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