The%20Renaissance%20and%20Reformation

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The Renaissance and Reformation
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Renaissance

• Re-birth of culture from ancient Rome
• Arts
• Literature
• Philosophy
• Science
• Learning
• Wealthy Cities
• Change in how people viewed themselvesindividual
  achievement
• Focus on experience here and now
• Ideal person One with many talents

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Italian Renaissance

• Main ideal humanism, the study of classical
  culture and focus on worldly subjects rather than
  on religious issues
• Move away from religion
• Studied humanitieseducation inspires creativity

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Humanism

• Define humanism
• Humanism intellectual movement at the heart of
  the Italian Renaissance that focused on worldly
  subjects rather than on religious issues.
• Humanists were usually Christians who believed
  that the individual in the here and now had an
  important role to play.
• Education was important.
• Emphasis on individual achievement.
• Emphasis on classical Greek and Roman texts.

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Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art Leonardo

• Leonardo da Vinci (1452) artist (Mona Lisa, The
  Last Supper), inventor ( helicopter,
  weapons, music box, many more), architect,
  botanist, musician, anatomy, optics, engineering.

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Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art Leonardo
La Giaconda The Mona Lisa Louvre Museum, Paris
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Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art Leonardo
Helicopter
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Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art Leonardo
Trebuchet
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Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art - Michelangelo

• Michelangelo Italian painter and sculptor.
  Total realism in art. Pieta and David. Murals on
  the ceilings of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican.

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Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art - Michelangelo
The Pieta
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Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art - Michelangelo
The David Florence, Italy
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Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art - Michelangelo
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Italian Genius of Renaissance Writing -
Machiavelli

• Machiavelli published a book in 1513, The Prince.
  Theorized about how a perfect ruler would govern.
• Stressed that the end justifies the means. Urged
  rulers to use whatever means necessary to achieve
  their goals.

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Northern Renaissance

• Spread to Spain, France, Germany, and England
• Also studied the humanities
• Desiderius Erasmus translate the Bible from
  Latin into the vernacular,
• Thomas Moore Utopia pushed for social change
• Printing revolution created more booksmore
  literacy and learning

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Genius Writers of the Northern Renaissance

• William Shakespeare England. Playwright between
  1590-1613. Wrote about the actual human
  condition of his time.
• Cervantes Spain. Novelist. Wrote Don Quixote.

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The Printing Revolution

• Printing Press allowed new ideas to spread more
  easily. Spread from China to Middle East to
  Europe.
• Gutenberg invented a new type of printing press.
  Used movable type.
• Books suddenly within reach of ordinary person.

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Protestant Reformation
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Protesant Reformation

• 1500s, called for reform of the Christian Church
• People who joined the reform called themselves
  Protestants, for those who protested papal
  (pope) authority.

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Abuses in the Church

• Beginning in the late Middle Ages, the Church had
  become increasingly caught up in worldly affairs.
• Competed with Italian princes for political
  power.
• Fought long wars to protect the Papal States
  against invaders.
• Promoted the sale of indulgences
• Popes led lavish lifestyles and spent a great
  deal of money on the arts.
• Increased fees for services such as weddings and
  baptisms to finance worldly projects

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Luthers Protest

• 1517
• Martin Luther triggered a revolt
• 95 Theses, 95 arguments against indulgences
• Spread throughout Europe
• Excommunicated from the church and declared an
  outlaw by the Holy Roman Emperor
• Many people followed Luther
• 1521 renounced the authority of the pope

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The Teachings of Martin Luther

• Salvation is achieved through faith alone.
• Luther rejected Church doctrine that
  good deeds were necessary for salvation.
• The Bible is the sole source of religious truth.
• Luther denied other authorities, such
  as Church councils or the pope.
• All Christians have equal access to God through
  faith and the Bible.
• Luther rejected the idea that priests
  and Church officials had special powers.

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Luthers Widespread Support

• Luthers ideas spread quickly in northern Germany
  and Scandinavia.
• Many clergy saw Luthers reforms as the answer to
  Church corruption.
• German princes hoped to throw off the rule of
  both the Church and the Holy Roman emperor.
• Germans supported Luther because of feelings of
  national loyalty.
• Peasants hoped that Luther would support social
  and economic change.

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John Calvin

• Most important supporter of Martin Luther
• Preached predestination
• In 1541, Calvin set up a theocracy in Geneva.
• Late 1500s, Calvinism had taken root in Germany,
  France, the Netherlands, England, and Scotland.
• In several of these countries, Calvinists faced
  opposition and persecution from other religious
  groups.

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Reformation Ideas Spread
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Radical Reformers

• As the Reformation continued, hundreds of new
  Protestant sects sprang up.
• Even more radical than those of Luther and
  Calvin.
• Anabaptists
• Abolish private property.
• Use violence to speed up judgment day.
• Religious tolerance and separation of Church and
  state.

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English Reformation
1509 King Henry marries his dead brothers
widow, Princess Catherine
1527 Henry wants to marry his mistress, Anne
Boleyn, and asks the pope to annul his marriage
to Catherine
The pope refuses!
Henry, upset by the pope, broke away from the
Catholic church and created the Church of
England, which he ruled.
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Religious Turmoil in England

• 1547 Henry VIII dies, leaving behind 2 daughters
  and 1 son, along with his 6th wife
• Edward VI, at 10, becomes king he and his
  advisors remain Protestant
• 1555 Edward dies Mary Tudor becomes queen and
  returns to her Catholic routes
• 1558 Mary dies and Elizabeth I becomes queen
  creates a compromise for Catholics and Protestants

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6 Wives of Henry VIII

• Catherine of Aragon
• Daughter
• 1509-1533
• Divorced

• Anne Boleyn
• Daughter
• 1533-1536
• Beheaded

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• Jane Seymour
• 1536-1537
• Died after having son

• Anne of Cleves
• 1537 Jan-July
• Divorced

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• Kathryn Howard
• 1540-1542
• Beheaded

• Katherine Parr
• 1543-1547
• Widowed

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Catholic Reformation

• As Protestant Reformation took place reform also
  took place in the Catholic church
• Leader Pope Paul III
• 1530s and 1540s revived moral authority in church
• End corruption in papacy

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Catholic Reformation

• To accomplish these goals, Pope Paul III
• Called the Council of Trent to establish the
  direction that reform should take
• Strengthened the Inquisition
• Recognized a new religious order, the Jesuits, to
  combat heresy and spread the Catholic faith

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Widespread Perscution

• During this period of heightened religious
  passion, both Catholics and Protestants fostered
  intolerance.
• Catholics killed Protestants and Protestants
  killed Catholics.
• Between 1450 and 1750, tens of thousands of
  people, mostly women, died as victims of witch
  hunts.
• Jews were forced to live in ghettos or expelled
  from Christian lands and their books and
  synagogues burned.