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Europe 1300 - 1600

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Rich Merchants drive the Renaissance. The Medici of Florence. Became rich and powerful through banking not birth. They support the arts as a way to demonstrate wealth ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Europe 1300 - 1600


1
Europe 1300 - 1600
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The Renaissance
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What was it?
  • The Renaissance
  • A rebirth of art and learning
  • Lasts from approx. 1300 1600
  • People wanted the good old days
  • Classical Greece and Rome
  • By doing so they invented new artistic styles and
    schools of thought
  • Importance of the individual was key

4
How it starts
  • As Italian merchants profits increased and
    governments collected more taxes, funding for the
    visual and performing arts increased
  • Even for the common man

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  • Rich merchants drive the Renaissance
  • The Medici of Florence
  • Became rich and powerful through banking
  • They support the arts as a way to demonstrate
    wealth and power

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What did they believe in?
  • Humanism
  • Focused on human potential and achievement
  • Renewed interest in history, literature, and
    philosophy
  • Secular (worldly)
  • Living/thinking of this world rather than the
    afterlife.
  • Supporting the arts
  • Churches, merchants, and rich people put a lot of
    money into art.

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St. George Slays the Dragon
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A Revolution in Art
  • The Middle Ages
  • Not realistic looking
  • Mostly religious
  • TWO (2) dimensional
  • The Renaissance
  • Realistic style
  • Lots of Greek and Roman scenes
  • Use of perspective
  • 3 dimensional appearance

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Leonardo, the ArtistFrom hisNotebooks of over
5000 pages (1508-1519)
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The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498 Geometry
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Refractory Convent of Santa Maria delle
Grazie Milan
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Renaissance Art in Northern Europe
  • Should not be considered an appendage to Italian
    art.
  • But, Italian influence was strong.
  • Painting in OIL, developed in Flanders, was
    widely adopted in Italy.
  • The differences between the two cultures
  • Italy ? change was inspired by humanism with its
    emphasis on the revival of the values of
    classical antiquity.
  • No. Europe ? change was driven by religious
    reform, the return to Christian values, and the
    revolt against the authority of the Church.
  • More princes kings were patrons of artists.

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Van Eyck? The CrucifixionThe Last
Judgment ?1420-1425
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Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife(Wedding
Portrait) Jan Van Eyck1434
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Jan van Eyck - Giovanni Arnolfini His Wife
(details)
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Quentin Massys (1465-1530)
  • Belonged to the humanist circle in Antwerp that
    included Erasmus.
  • Influenced by da Vinci.
  • Thomas More called him the renovator of the old
    art.
  • The Ugly Dutchess, 1525-1530 ?

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HieronymusBoschThe Garden of Earthy
Delights1500
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HieronymusBoschThe Garden of Earthy
Delights(details)1500
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Bruegels, Niederlandisch Proverbs, 1559
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Bruegels, The Triumph of Death, 1562
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The Reformation
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  • CORNELL NOTES TODAY PLEASE!

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Background
  • By the 1100s the Catholic Church is the dominate
    force in Europe
  • People begin to think that the church is corrupt.

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Specific Problems With the Church
  • Catholic Church clergy (pope, bishops, priests,
    etc.) were
  • Spending lots of
  • Having kids
  • Drinking and gambling

30
Martin Luther (1483 1546)
  • A monk/teacher in Germany
  • In 1517 he decides to take action against clergy
    who were selling indulgences
  • Reduced time in purgatory
  • Some in the Catholic Church gave people the idea
    that this was a way to buy their place in heaven

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  • Luther hates the idea of indulgences
  • He writes 95 Theses attacking the practice and
    nails them to a church door on Oct 31, 1517
  • Someone copied them and sent them to a printer
  • Kicks off the REFORMATION
  • Leads to churches that did not accept the Popes
    authority

37
What was Luthers Deal?
  • Luther realizes there are more problems with the
    Church than indulgences
  • His three big ideas for change
  • You can only get to heaven through faith
  • NOT faith and good works
  • All church teachings should be based on the Bible
  • Not the word of the Pope
  • All people with faith were equal
  • No need for priests to interpret the Bible

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What helps the Reformation succeed?
  • The printing press (Social)
  • Spreads humanist and secular ideas
  • Makes the church unhappy
  • Some rulers begin to challenge Churchs authority
    (Political) HUGE IDEA!
  • Most people at the time obey the Pope rather than
    their local ruler
  • Merchants didnt like paying taxes to the
    Catholic Church in Rome (Economic)

39
SO WHAT?
  • Religious conflict helped to fuel social and
    political problems
  • Witch Hunts
  • Wars (30 Years War)

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Witch Hunts
  • Witches supposedly made alliances with the devil
    for special powers
  • Became a cause of unfortunate events
  • Poor harvest, fires, sudden deaths, etc.
  • 85 were women
  • Usually older, widowed, poor, etc.
  • No one to protect them
  • Reflects the stress and strain of European
    society during the early modern period

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30 Years War
  • Religious tension leads to wars between Roman
    Catholics and Protestants
  • King of Spain tries to get England to come back
    to Catholicism in 1588
  • Results in the Spanish Armada (England defeats a
    huge fleet of ships)
  • 30 Years War (1618-1648)
  • Holy Roman Emperor tried to force some of his
    subjects to be Catholic
  • Mainly in Germany
  • Involves most of Europe
  • Most destructive war in Europe until the 20th
    century
  • 1/3 of German population dies
  • Leads rulers to seek diplomatic solutions to
    problems rather than war stronger more stable
    monarchies in the long run

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New Monarchies
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  • In the long run
  • Centralizing monarchs benefited most from the
    Reformation
  • As the Holy Roman Empire falls apart, other
    monarchs increased revenue and authority to
    create powerful states.
  • Also NO empires in Europe various regional
    states

51
Constitutional States
  • England
  • Becomes a constitutional monarchy following the
    English Civil War (1642-1649)
  • Over taxation of nobles (dont worry too much
    about it)
  • Royalists (Charles I) vs Parliament (Oliver
    Cromwell)
  • Parliament wins
  • Charles I captured and executed
  • Cromwell becomes a dictator
  • Parliament restores the monarchy in 1660
  • More of the same problems
  • The Glorious Revolution
  • King kicked out and power given to William and
    Mary
  • But they had to agree to a Constitution
  • Power is on Parliaments side

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Kenilworth Castle Destroyed by Cromwell in 1649
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Absolute Monarchy
  • Based on the Divine Right of Kings
  • Authority came from god only person they answer
    to
  • King made ALL policy decisions and laws
  • France is the best example of this philosophy
  • Louis XIV

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The Sun King (Louis XIV)
  • I am the state
  • Built Versailles
  • HUGE palace w/ outrageous standard of living
  • Had the nobility live there too they exchanged
    living the high life for absolute rule of Louis
    XIV
  • Louis and his advisors
  • Maintained a huge army to enforce laws and to
    expand territory (wars)
  • Promoted economic development
  • Works in the short term but sets the stage for
    the eventual fall of the French Monarchy

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