Eukaryotic organisms, which

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Kingdom Fungi

• Eukaryotic organisms, which
• means they have membrane bound organelles.
• They have cell walls made of chitin.
• Mycologists study FUNGI!

Earth star
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An example of Fungi You know
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Kingdom Fungi

• Lack chlorophyll so they feed themselves
  by being ___________,
• (which live off dead organisms and recycle
  nutrients back into the environment) or
  _____________, (which live off living organisms).

decomposers
parasites
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Mushrooms Club Like Fungi or Basidiomycete
Fungi
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Bracket Fungi Basidiomycete Fungi
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Bread Mold a Zygomycete Fungi
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Cup Fungi Ascomycete Fungi
Note the cup shapes and orange peel color
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Kingdom Fungi
Fungi are heterotrophs that utilize a special
process called _________________
______________ to obtain nutrients. (food is
digested outside the fungal body with enzymes and
then absorbed)
Extracellular
Digestion
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Kingdom Fungi you must know 5 Major Phyla

• Phylum Zygomycota the Bread Molds
• Rhizopus black bread mold
• Oomycota the Water Molds
• Water mold, potato blight, mildew
• Phylum Ascomycota the Sac Fungi
• Yeast, morels, truffles
• Phylum Basidiomycota the Club Fungi
• Mushrooms, puffballs, bracket fungi, rusts,
  smuts, toadstools
• Phylum Deuteromycota the Fungi Imperfecti

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Kingdom Fungi

• The mycelium or body of a fungus is usually
  composed of filaments called a hyphae. It is
  seldom seen since it grows inside the host.

mycelium
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  0383

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Zygomycota (Rhizopus) the Common Molds
-are primarily decomposers
-asexual spores may be produced in sporangia
-sexual reproduction occurs between and
strains forming a 2n zygote a zygospore develops
and may lie dormant for a long period of time
meiosis occurs just before germination
-only the zygote is diploid all hyphae and
asexual spores are haploid
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Zygomycota common molds
The fungal mass of hyphae, known as the MYCELIUM
penetrates the bread and produces the fruiting
bodies on top of the stalks
Mycelia a mass of hyphae or filaments
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Rhizoids root-like hyphae The zhizoids meet
underground and mating occurs between hyphae of
different molds (SEXUAL REPRODUCTION)
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Water Molds -- Oomycota
The water molds are better known as the MILDEWS.
Fish tank fuzz is an example. Protist-like mold
because share common characteristics with
plant-like protists, such as the cell wall
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LifeCycle of Oomycota
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Things to Know about Oomycete Fungi

1. Water molds or mildews
2. Cause diseases such as potato blight
3. Cell walls made of cellulose (like plant)
4. Hyphae have multiple nuclei! Because the cell
   walls do not fully close off.
5. Spore swims away like a flagellate, which is why
   it is protist like (think of Euglena)

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Irish Potato Famine of 19th Century
Devastated potato crops, causing devastating
starvation in Ireland ?
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Yeast is an Ascomycete Fungus
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spores
mycelium
Cap
gills
stalk
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Bracket Fungi
Puff Balls
Basidiomycete Fungi that all produce Basiospores
Jelly Fungi
Mushrooms
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Other Basidiomycetes Rusts and Smuts
Rust infecting wheat leaves
Whitrot Smut digesting old wood
Rust infecting a Leaf
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Deuteromycota (Imperfect Fungi)
-Regarded as imperfect because they exhibit no
sexual stage has been observed in their life
cycle
-Members are not closely related and are not
necessarily similar in structure or appearance
do not share a common ancestry, polyphyletic
coming from many ancestors hmm weird ?
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Deuteromycota the Fungi Imperfecti

• Resemble Ascomycetes, but their reproductive
  cycle has never been observed
• Different from Ascomycetes because there is a
  definite lack of sexual reproduction, which is
  why they are called Imperfect Fungi

Penicillium fungi
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Lichens
Lichens are mutualistic symbiotic organisms. They
have a fungus and a cyanobacterial portion.
There are three lichen growth forms which are
predominant in nature ___________________________
__
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Fruticose
Crustose
Foliose
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LICHENS

• Lichens are often the first organisms to enter a
  barren environment.
• The bacteria contribute energy (photosynthesis)
  and the fungus contribute anchorage, minerals,
  and a home.

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Mycorrhizae
Mycorrhizae means fungus-root mutualistic
relationship between plant and fungi
The plant photosynthesizes while the fungus more
efficiently takes up nutrients and water from the
rhizosphere than the roots would alone.

• Plant benefits include
• Improved nutrient/water uptake
• Improved root growth
• Improved plant growth and yield
• Improved disease resistance
• Reduced transplant shock
• Reduced drought stress

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Harmful OR Helpful
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RINGWORM
CORN SMUT
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Imperfect Fungi
Athlete's Foot
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candida albicans
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YEAST
Yeast are used for baking!
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Morels
Truffles
Morels and truffles used as food.
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Truffles are round, warty, fungi that are
irregular in shape. They vary from the size of a
walnut to that of a man's fist. Since the times
of the Greeks and Romans these fungi have been
used in Europe as delicacies, as aphrodisiacs,
and as medicines. They are among the most
expensive of the world's natural foods, often
commanding as much as 250 to 450 per pound.
Truffles are harvested in Europe with the aid of
female pigs or truffle dogs, which are able to
detect the strong smell of mature truffles
underneath the surface of the ground. The female
pig becomes excited when she sniffs a chemical
that is similar to the male swine sex attractant.
The use of dogs to find truffles is also and
option.
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and then there are the decomposers!
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Shelf Fungi
decomposers
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Penicillium used for what???
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Treatments for Fungal Infections
athlete's foot

• Antifungal creams/powders
• Keep area clean and dry (fungus grows best in
  moist, dark places)
• Carefully clean the shower or bath using bleach.
• Hot wash socks, towels, bathmats at a temperature
  of at least 60ºC.
• Regularly wash floors where you walk bare foot.

ringworm
thrush