Ch. 32: I. Postcolonial Crises (1975-1990)

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Ch. 32 I. Postcolonial Crises(1975-1990)
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A. Latin America

• Brazil ? Brazilian Solution
• 1964 military coup dictatorship
• death squads
• ISI policy
• 2. Chile
• CIA-assisted coup of socialist Salvador
  Allende (1973)
• Augusto Pinochet led military regime
  (1974-1990)
• 3. Argentina
• military dictatorship Dirty War

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Allende Pinochet
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B. Marxist Revolutions

• Nicaragua
• U.S.-backed govt of Anastasio Somoza
• Cuban-backed Sandinistas ruled until 1990
• Iran-Contra Affair
• El Salvador
• guerilla war fought against military regime
• ruled until 1990

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Iran-Contra Affair
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C. U.S. in L. America

• Increased U.S. involvement
• Grenada (1983)
• Panama (1989)
• Debt Crisis
• L. American countries could not repay loans

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D. Iranian Revolution
Iran

• 1953 CIA coup to install Shah Reza
• oil flowed to U.S./W. Europe
• 3. 1979 Revolution Shah overthrown by Ayatollah
  Komeini
• theocracy established (clerics)
• 52 Americans held hostage at U.S
• Embassy in Tehran
• 4. Iran-Iraq War (1980) Iraqi dictator Saddam
  Hussein invades Iran

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Cozy relationship between U.S. the Shah for
quarter of a century
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Ayatollah Khomeini vs.the Shah Mohamed Reza
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II. Asian Transformations

• Japan most rapid economic growth of 1970s-80s
• export-based economy
• Asian Tigers newly industrialized economies
• Hong Kong Singapore
• Taiwan South Korea

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A. Deng Xiaoping

• After Maos death (1975) Deng Xiaoping
  instituted Four Modernizations
• opens to West while maintaining Communism
• 3. Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989)
• 100,000 students protest for democratic
  reform
• troops crushed protesters

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The Unknown Protestor Tank Man
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III. End of the Bipolar World(1989-1991)
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A. End of U.S.S.R.

• USSR
• inefficient planned economy
• unpopular Afghan war
• massive Arms Race spending
• U.S.
• popular President
• Ronald Reagan
• economic expansion

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B. Gorbachev and Reform

• Mikhail Gorbachev took over USSR in 1985
• policy of openness
• (glasnost)
• economic reform
• (perestroika)

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Ronald Reagan Tear Down this Wall, Remarks at
the Brandenburg Gate West Berlin, Germany June
12, 1987
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C. Collapse of the Socialist Bloc

• fall of Berlin Wall (1989)
• collapse of Communist govts
• unification of Germany (1990)
• collapse of USSR (1991)
• Split up of countries
• Yugoslavia (1991)
• Czechoslovakia (1992)

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Numerous ethnic groups languages, customs,
religions. Only half of 285 million were
Russian Difficult to unite into one nation
without fear or force Nationalism was stronger
than communism people wanted to rule themselves
NATIONALISM AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY
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Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
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D. Persian Gulf War (19901991)

• 1. Iraq invaded Kuwait (1990) for oil fields
• Saudi Arabia asked for U.S. help
• American forces led a coalition drove Iraq out
• Left Saddam Hussein in power
• Gulf War U.S. emerged as global superpower

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IV. Population Growth
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A. Demographic Transition

• population of Europe doubled from 1850-1914
• economist Thomas Malthus argued pop. growth would
  outstrip food supply
• industrial societies experienced a demographic
  transition to lower fertility rates
• Russia, Japan, Germany, Italy negative growth!
• least developed countries pop. Explosion
• China1.3 billion India1.17 billion

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Population Growth Rates
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New Global Order
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B. Global Poverty

• 50 of world lives in poverty
• less than 3 a day
• core industrialized regions (U.S., W. Europe,
  Japan) dominate periphery regions
• In the periphery rural-urban migrations
• creation of slums shantytowns

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• Spread of Aids in Africa

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C. New Technologies

• computers
• planes
• Transnational Corporations global production
  sites markets
• i.e. Nike