Ecology Power Point

1
Ecology Power Point
2
Ecology Power Point

• Environment- the sum total of our surroundings,
  including all of the living things and nonliving
  thing with which we interact.
• Biotic Factors- living things (plants, animals,
  bacteria, algae)
• Abotic Factors- non living things (soil, water,
  sunlight, air, minerals, temperature)
• What do we rely on the environment for, as
  humans?
• air, water, food, shelter, and everything else
  essential for living
• Environmental Science- the study of how the
  natural-world work, how our environment affects
  us, and how we affect our environment.
• Ecology- the study of interactions between
  organisms and their ecosystems
• Ecological Footprint- the expresses the
  environmental impact of an individual or
  population in terms of the cumulative amount of
  land and water required to provide raw materials
  the person or populations consumes and dispose of
  or recycle the waste the population or person
  produce.

3
Ecological Footprint

• Earths population has QUADRUPLED in the past 100
  years
• From 1995-2006, 6 billion to 6.5 billion
• 78 million people are added to this planet every
  year
• Over 200,000 a day!
• We have converted half of the planets land
  surface for agriculture
• Since the industrial revolution, carbon dioxide
  risen by 31

Activity Analyzing Ecological Footprints
4
Ecological Footprint for the United States
5
(No Transcript)
6
Levels of study ecology

• Biosphere- the parts of the earth where living
  things are found
• Ecosystem- all of the living and nonliving things
  found in an area
• Community-a group of different species that live
  in the same area
• Population- a group of organisms of the same
  species that live in the same area
• Organism-a living thing one of many different
  forms of life

smallest
largest
7
The movement of energy through an ecosystem can
be shown in diagrams called

• A. Food web

• B. Food chain

• The more accurate and realistic approach to
  demonstrate how elements and energy are
  transferred.
• Demonstrated in many over lapping food chains in
  one ecosystem

• Is a more simplistic series of events in which on
  organism eats another and obtains energy
• A linkage to show who eats who
• Energy, essential elements and compounds are
  transferred

8
Trophic Levels

• Producers- produce their own food (plants, algae)
• Primary Consumers- herbivores that eat the
  producers
• Secondary Consumers- small carnivores
• Tertiary Consumers- large predators
• Other parts of food webs
• omnivore- consumes plants and animals
• Scavenger- is a carnivore that feeds on bodies of
  dead organisms
• Decomposers-organisms that break down wastes and
  dead organisms and return raw materials to the
  environment.

• Energy for organisms is obtained based on what
  they eat.

• The most energy is available at the producer
  level of an energy pyramid, as you move up, less
  energy is available.
• Only about 10 of energy at one level is
  transferred to the next higher level

Heterotrophic- food from eating Autotrophic-
makes on food
9

• Niche the fundamental role of a species in a
  community. (ecological role)
• Fundamental niche full niche/role of a species,
  with no competitors, (an organism can exploit its
  full fundamental niche)
• Realized niche a partial role because of
  competition or other species interactions (when
  competition restrict the organism from exploiting
  its niche)
• Predation the process by which individuals of
  one species, a predator, hunt, capture, kill, and
  consume individuals of another species (prey).
• Predation has evolutionary ramificationsexamples?
  
• Predation plays a huge role in population
  dynamics..examples?
• Ex Zebra Mussel predation on phytoplankton-
  mussels have reduced plankton up to 90 in Great
  lakes and Chesapeake Bay . Causes changes to the
  food webs, causes biomass to decrease.
• Mutualism-a relations hip in which two or more
  species benefit from the interaction (one
  provides resource, other provides a service)
  Examples?????
• Symbiosis- a parasitic or mutual relationship of
  organisms that live very close together.
• Invasive Species- a non-native organism that
  spreads widely and becomes dominant in a
  community. Examples??????
• Usually introduced by people either on purpose or
  by accident
• Spread widely due to loss of THEIR limiting
  factors (predators, water shortage)
• Keystone Species- a species that has a
  particularly strong influence or far-reaching
  impact.
• Some species have a greater influence than
  othersu sually top of the food chain carnivores
• Examples

Wolves, mountain lions, birds of prey
10
Ecological Succession- a stereotypical series of
changes in the composition and structure of an
ecological community through time
Ecological Succession

• Two Types of Succession
• Primary Succession- follows a disturbance so
  severe that no vegetation or soil life remains
  from the community that occupied the site
• A biotic community completely from scratch
• Usually bare rock is exposed and soil is just
  beginning to form
• What are some examples????
• Dried up lakes, glaciers, lava
• Secondary Succession- begins when a disturbance
  dramatically alters an existing community BUT
  does not destroy all things or all organic matter
  in the soil (the building blocks are present to
  rebuild)
• Examples????
• Fires, volcanoes, human destruction.
• Pioneer Species- the species that arrive first to
  colonize, are well-adapted for colonization
• Examples???
• Lichens, algae,

Primary
Secondary
11
Biomes of the World

• Working together and using your textbook,
  complete the Data table on Biomes and label the
  regions on the map provided. Be detailed and
  specific?