Mexico

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Mexicos History ?!!!

• By Joanna Jamerson
• Areli Valencia

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• YOU GUYS BETTER BE EXCITED

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The Spanish are Coming!

• The Spanish arrived in 1519 and within 20 years
  they took control of Mexico.
• Natives lacked horses, cannons, and resistance to
  diseases.
• Spain during this time
• Hybrid Society
• Christian and Muslim (invaded Spain in 711 from
  North Africa)

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THE OLMEC ? YAY!

• Considered the mother culture of the
  Meso-American people.
• The Olmec were located on Mexicos southern Gulf
  Coast around 1200 B.C. ? (thats a long time ago)
  
• Map HERE!

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Major Cities

• San Lorenzo was the earliest Olmec site and it
  survived until 900 B.C. (they played games)
• La Venta, was awesome, but it fell during 500-400
  B.C.
• The last Olmec site was Tres Zapotes, and it
  survived until 100 B.C.
• Then there were no Olmec People ?

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Olmecs Magic Stones! (this is kind of scary)

• The Olmecs made large stone heads, from five to
  nine feet and weighing about 40 tons. (people
  believe they depict rulers)
• The material for these stone heads came from
  TUXTLA MOUNTAINS, some fifty to sixty miles away.
  ? (I guess thats walking distance for the
  almighty OLMEC)

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Its Magical Looking! ?
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Olmecs Influence

• It influenced many indigenous societies from
  northern Mexico down to Costa Rica this is why
  they are considered the MOTHER CULTURE.
• Olmec practiced mathematics, writing, and
  astronomy.
• DOT 1
• BAR 5
• SHELL 0
• Writing was based on hieroglyphics.

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Continued.

• Many cultures adopted Olmecs Gods.
• Rain God Tlatoc
• Plumed serpent deity Quetzalcoatl
• First Ritual Ball Court found in San Lorenzo
• Often the game was attached to politics.

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MAYA?

• The Mayan were one of the few cultures who
  developed an urban culture in tropical forests.
• Urban centers religious centers ?
• TIKAL was their principal city
• Terrain hard to survive (bad farmland, bad
  weather, pretty much bad everything yet they
  were able to build complex temples)
• Most complicated and developed writing system in
  the Americas
• Practiced SLASH AND BURN methods
• MAIZE was their main crop

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Mayan Hierarchy
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MAYA POPULATION LEAVE ?

• They randomly left their cities around 900 A.D.
• Reason? A mystery till this day.

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Teotihuacan (means place of the Gods) 100-750 A.D.

• City State, reached its height in 200 A.D.
• Eight square miles, (one of the largest cities in
  the world during that time) and its population
  was between 125,000 to 250,000
• Religious Center had temple to Quetzalcoatl and
  pyramids to the sun and moon.
• Declined in 650 there was a loss of population
  probably due to a drought.

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TOLTEC (funny name)

• Considered them cultural heirs of the
  Teotihuacanos.
• Established capital city of Tula in 968.
• Read Second Paragraph on Page 8
• Their empire eventually declined due to violence.

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Mexica-Nahua? Empire

• Mexican arrived in central Mexico in 1253.
• Azcapotzalco, city-state hired the Mexica as
  mercenaries.
• 1325 established the city of Tenochtitlan.
• Triple Alliance was created in 1430 between
  Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan (tacuba)
• By 1500, tenochtitlan rulers ruled over fifteen
  million people, and 38 cities. OMG!!!

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Aztec Empire Pic?
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Beliefs

• Human Sacrifices, Read 1st Para. in Religious
  Beliefs Section
• Moctezuma II (Moctechucoma Xocoyotzin) assumed
  office in 1502 and took five thousand people for
  sacrifices from the cities of Nopallin and
  Icpatepec. ? ?

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Aztec Politics
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Branches of the Elite(tecuhli/lords)

• Consisted of Civil authorities, military
  officers, and priests.
• Civil Authorities
• Participated in war activities
• Shared in tribute wealth
• Received income from land set aside and worked by
  the local peasantry.

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Officials and Priests

• Officials
• Controlled the districts of the Cap.
• Military Elite, tecuhli, were the political
  foundation
• Priests
• Was a hard job
• Only the priesthood allowed women to work
• Mothers could dedicate their daughters for
  priesthood at early age. P

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Education

• Calmeac ( School for the children of the elite)
• Preparation to enter one of branches of
  government
• Studied military, history, mathematics, records,
  politics, and obligations among the different
  classes.
• Stressed self discipline, polite intercourse,
  manners, and religious piety
• Telpochalli (school for the lower)
• Vocational skills
• Ritual practices
• Civic responsibilities
• Respect for authority

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PochtecaHUH?!? ?

• Merchants
• Marry among each other
• Live in separate districts
• Halfway between elite and craftsmen
• Were often wealthy, but power was measured by
  your state service and not your wealth.

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POWER

• Why did they achieve such a vast EMPIRE?

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Military
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Spanish Conquest (HOLA AMIGOS)

• Columbuss voyage in 1492
• Spain establishes posts in Greater Antilles
• Spain creates an Audencia (high court) in Santo
  Domingo in 1511
• Native Labor
• Tried to control

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Greater Antilles PIC
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Catholic Church

• Against Indian Slavery wants them to convert
• Helped the Spanish by providing funds

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Hernan Cortes(IMPORTANT)

• 1517 and 1518 two full-scale incursions which
  were moderately successful. Failed to go inland.
• 1519 expedition led by Hernan Cortes
• Poorly planned due to arguments with Gov. Diego
  Velasquez of Cuba
• 400 men
• Twelve cannons
• Number of horses
• Marina Malinche (defeating Potonchan of
  Tabasco) (Nahuatl and Mayan)
• Cortes and Tlaxcalans defeated Aztec Tenochtitlan

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Hernan Cortes
I LOVE HIS HAT. ? Joanna loved his hair.
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Magical Masks

• Veracruz - Cortes faced three masks
  Quetzalcoatl, Tezcatlipoca, and Tlaloc, each
  symbolized something different
• Spanish defeated Technotitlan
• Moctezuma ruled as a Spanish Puppet (shame on
  him)
• He was replaced, then the Spanish were trapped ?
• The Spanish fled the city, known as la Noche
  Triste, Lamentable Night. (June 1521)

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Religion (I know, I dont want to talk about it
either)

• 12 Franciscans arrived in 1524
• Dominicans in 1526
• Augustinians in 1533
• Juan de Zumarraga (1468-1548), first bishop of
  Mexico
• Supported learning Native Language/Beliefs
• Refuted Native Beliefs
• Understood that indigenous Catholic priesthood
  had to be trained

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Juan de Zumarraga
Hes Scary Looking. Maybe its a religious thing
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Pedro de Gante (1480-1572)

• Established the Colegio de Santa Cruz de
  Tlalteloco, supported by Zamarraga, opened in 1537

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Virgen de Guadalupe

• Franciscan friars created a shrine dedicated to
  the Virgin of Apocalypse on Tepeyac Hill, a site
  connected with the Mexican goddess Tonanzin.
• Juan Diego fused the two cultures together

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The Spanish crown is scurred

• Missionaries gaining power among people
• Disbanded missionaries and hired reg. priests
• Not enough for all people, so beliefs still
  continued

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Cortes System
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Crown is scurred again?!?!?!

• Cortes gaining power among people
• Crown elevated New Spain to kingdom, equal to
  kingdoms in Spain
• Kingdom meant that king had power over it

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• JUST SO YOU KNOW THE CROWN IS ALWAYS SCURRED!!!!

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Politics of New Spain
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Random Politic things

• Antonio de Mendoza (1495-1552) was the first
  viceroy of New Spain.
• In Mex. City an Indian council was organized
• Citys four Indian quarters
• Food, water, sanitation, crime, supervision of
  markets

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Consulado

• Organization that represented the large scale
  merchants and had close ties to the upper class.
• Settled disputes between merchants
• Lobbied the viceroy and officials to protect
  merchants interest.

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Education in New Spain

• At least one primary school must be maintained in
  each municipality. Not enforced.
• University of Mex. Opened in 1533
• Women could not attend
• Mixed-race individuals could not attend
• Theology and law were taught in Latin
• Indian Languages and Medicine,
• By 1820, 29,882 B.A.s and 1,680 advanced degrees
  matched Spains education ?

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Minor Revolt

• Mixton War (1541-42), northwest part, present day
  Jalisco.
• Indian resentment to Spanish rule and religion
• 3,000 indigenous soldiers vs. 300 Spaniards
• WHO WON?!?!

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• The Spanish won, ?
• Led by Viceroy Mendoza.

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Bourbon Dynasty

• Bourbons claimed the crown of Spain in 1713
• Wanted to make the colonies more efficient, sent
  Jose de Galvez to inspect from 1765-1771.
• He attacked the political system
• No changes were made due to the lack of funds

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Colonial Society (two groups)

• Non-Indians
• Spaniards, Mexican-born Spaniards, and creoles
  (upper class), mestizos, small number of Africans
• Indians
• Everyone else

Information may be misleading.
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People DYING!!!? OMG!

• Diseases (smallpox, measles, plague, yellow
  fever, and etc.)
• Created Pandemics of 1520-21, 1545-48, 1576-79,
  1629-31, and 1634-35
• The Indian population fell from 25 mil. to 1 mil.
  by 1635.
• Pretty much everyone died!!!

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Memorizing Random Things

• African Spanish Mulattoes?
• By 1650, European women only made up 16.5 of
  the immigrants by the end of the century it was
  up to 28
• Urban mixed
• Rural indigenous
• Marrying Second Cousins was the norm, to keep
  money in the family.

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Patriarchal Society

• MALE CONTROLS EVERYTHING
• Controls all members of the family
• Children were considered adults at age 25, both
  female and male had the same rights, once married
  the power shifts to the male.
• Women were able to receive dowries from family.

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Respected place for women? What?!?

• Convents were often chosen by women, because they
  were often free to do what they wish.
• Required a smaller dowry
• Nuns ran schools for girls
• Wrote verses
• Often studied
• Ex. Sister Juana Ines de la Cruz (1648-95) ?
  did a lot of things

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Mexico made Spain Rich!

• Mexico was Spains most productive and richest
  colony
• Mining
• Agricultural resources
• Horses, mules, burros, oxen required less workers
• MONEY IS SCARCE
• Silver was exported to Spain due to high demand
• Mint was established in Mex. City in 1535
• MINING WAS IMPORTANT

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• END OF
• SECTION ONE