Age of Exploration and Discovery

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Age of Exploration and Discovery

• Europe and the New World
• New Encounters, 1500 1800

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Timeline
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On the Brink of a New World

• Motives God, Glory, Gold
• Fantastic lands
• The Travels of John Mandeville (14th century)
• Schlaraffenland
• Magical Kingdom of Preter John
• Religious Zeal
• Dominicans, Jesuits, Franciscans
• National and personal pride/fame
• Economic motives
• Access to the East spices, silk, coffee
• The New World of the West gold, silver, coffee,
  sugar, tobacco

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Means

• Centralization of political authority
• Maps
• portalani vs. maps
• Ships and Sailing
• Naval technology quadrant Pole Star compass
  astrolabe
• Knowledge of wind patterns

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Ptolemys World Map
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Ortelius - 1579
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Mercator 1596
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Sea Chart
Nautical Chart Map of the Seas
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Sundial Nocturnal
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Armillary
Mariners Astrolabe
Magnetic Compass
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Back-Staff
Cross-Staff
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• Vermeer, The Astronomer, 1668-69

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• Vermeer, The Geographer, 1668-1669

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Life of an Explorer / Sailor

• Cramped quarters
• Diseases their cures
• Food
• Order, morale and punishment
• Crewmen and their jobs
• Pressgangs
• By 18th century new health measures

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Portugal A Maritime Empire

• Prince Henry the Navigator (1394 1460)
• Portuguese explore the Western (Gold Coast) and
  Eastern coasts of Africa looking for all-water
  route to the East
• The Portuguese in India
• Bartholomeu Dias (1488)
• Vasco da Gama (1497
• Conquer Turkish and Indian fleets and trade
  centers by force!
• Alfonso dAlbuquerque (1510) - Albuquerque wants
  to control Malacca destroy Arab trade provide
  a way station on route to Moluccas (Spice
  Islands)
• Portuguese in the New World
• Pedro Cabral (1500)
• Brazil sighted and claimed on to India
• Amerigo Vespucci (1497)
• mapped out the eastern shoreline of South America

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Portugal A Maritime Empire

• Reasons for Success
• Excellent naval technology
• More advanced weaponry (gun ships)
• Unable to maintain longterm empire abroad
• Lacked the power as a European nation
• Lacked the population necessary to expand abroad
• Lacked the desire to colonize Asia

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Map 14.1 Discoveries and Possessions in the
Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries
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Spain in the New World

• Reach the East by sailing westward across the
  Atlantic
• Christopher Columbus 1492, 1493, 1498, 1502
• Rejected by the Portuguese but sponsored by
  Europes most Catholic nation
• 1492 reached the Bahamas, Cuba, Haiti and
  Dominican Republic (Hispaniola)
• Vasco Nunez de Balboa
• reached the Pacific Ocean (1513) by crossing the
  Isthmus of Panama
• Magellan 1519 sent by Charles V (Spain)
• To find direct route to Moluccas spices
• He dies but SUCCESS circumnavigates the globe
  
• Cortez Conquistadors (1519)
• to Mexico vs. Aztecs and Montezuma
• Pizarro 1531-1536
• Peru the overthrow of the Inca Empire

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Map 14.1 Discoveries and Possessions in the
Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) decreed by Spanish
pope Alexander VI, that all trade to the west go
to Spain and to the east to Portugal.
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The Americas

• John Cabot (Italian) BUT explored New England
  sealine for Henry VII of England
• Spain and Portugal
• The West Indies
• The British and the French
• The Sugar Factories
• North America
• The Dutch
• New Netherlands
• The English
• Jamestown (1607)
• Thirteen Colonies
• The French
• Canada

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Plight of the Native Americans
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The Spanish Empire in the New World

• Administration of the Spanish Empire
• Encomienda natives subjects of Castile (taxed
  and put to work) to be protected, paid and
  spiritually supervised instead they were
  exploited and abused
• Anton Montecino and Bartholome las Casas decry
  abuse
• Encomienda abolished in 1542!!
• Viceroys chief civil and military officer to
  the king (in Mexico City and Lima)
• audiencias advisory group that also functioned
  as supreme judicial body
• The Church Spanish monarchs allowed to appoint
  bishops clergy, build churches, collect fees,
  supervise religious orders in New World Spanish
  Inquisition in Peru (1570) and Mexico (1571)

Compare and Contrast PS Columbus and Las Casas
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Africa The Slave Trade

• Portuguese and Dutch on western African coast
• Desire for gold and eventually the sale of slaves
• Cape Town (South Africa) inhabited by the Boers
  (Dutch farmers) permanent European settlement
• Origins of the Slave Trade
• 15th century Mediterranean slave market war
  captives other Europeans used in agriculture
  African slaves to Portugal as domestic servants
• 1490s Sugar cane production off central African
  coast by 16th c. in Brazil and Caribbean
  native American pop. not enough turn to Africa
• 1518 1st Spanish ship carrying African slaves to
  New World

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Africa The Slave Trade

• Growth of the Slave Trade
• Up to 10,000,000 African slaves taken to the
  Americas between the Sixteenth and Nineteenth
  Centuries
• Asiento, 1713 Prior to 1713 only Spanish ships
  brought slaves to Spanish Americas, BUT after
  1713 England receives this privilege 4,500
  slaves a year
• The Middle Passage mortality rate averaged 10
• Triangular Trade
• Effects of the Slave Trade on Africa
• Effects in Africa depopulation of African
  kingdoms increased tribal warfare in Africa
• Economic effects in Africa cheap manufacturing
  of European goods undermines local cottage
  industry increased poverty
• Effects of Slave Trade on Europe/New World
• Growth of plantation economy increasing need
  for slave labor
• Increase in trade sugar (molasses, rum), cotton,
  tobacco, indigo, coffee, rice

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Stereotypes and Justifications

• Read pg. 393-394 European Stereotypes and
  Africans and answer the following questions
• Why did many Europeans view Africans as racially
  inferior?
• What reasons were often given to justify the
  enslavement of another human being?

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Map 14.2 Triangular Trade Route in the Atlantic
Economy
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A Seventeenth-Century World Map