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Trading Empires

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Title: Trading Empires


1
Trading Empires
  • 1450 - 1750

2
Empires Dutch
  • Dutch East India Company universal carriers
    In 1660, employed 12,000 people and had 257
    ships. Sought monopolies and large profits.
  • North America (fur trade along the Hudson river,
    New Amsterdam)
  • Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
  • Cape Town South Africa way station
  • Southeast Asia spice trade (nutmeg in Banda
    islands, cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)

3
Empires Spain
  • Columbus voyage
  • Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in Peru
  • Took over existing tributary empires labor
    (mita), silver, gold, and foodstuffs
  • Demographic impact disease, death, and mestizos

4
Spain

5
Empires Portugal
  • Search for Maritime route to Asia
  • Advanced naval technology caravels, carracks,
    astrolabe and compass
  • Established fortresses along the Gold Coast
    sugar plantations and African slave labor
  • Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi, Sofala
    and Kilwa, Calicut and Goa, and later Macao
  • Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil sugar
    plantation

6
Brazil Plantation colony
  • Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
  • African slave labor used to support the
    plantation complex (sugar)
  • Largest producer of sugar in world first half of
    17th C.

7
Empires African
  • Characteristics of
  • Stateless societies - organized around
    kinship
  • Forms of government
  • Kongo (Congo) Diving Right
  • Songhay (Niger/Mali) Emperor of conquered
    territories (no local rule)
  • Oyo Benin (Nigeria) Independent city-states
  • Ashanti (Ghana/Ivory Coast) Union of states.
    Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
  • Some large centralized states increased unity
    came from linguistic base Bantu, Christianity
    and Islam, as well as indigenous beliefs
  • Trade markets, international commerce, taxed
    trade of unprocessed goods.

8
Gender and Empire
  • How might colonial conquests influence gender
    roles?

9
Demographic and Environmental Changes
  • Predict what the consequences of increased
    integration and empire building be on population?
    On the environment? Think long and short term.

10
Land Based Empire vs. Sea Based Empires
C
Ben Needle Kell High School Marietta,
GA Ben.needle_at_cobbk12.org
11
Land Based Sea Based
  • Self-defense extremely important
  • Examples?
  • Ottoman, Russian, Mughal, Ming
  • Relatively Large
  • Expensive
  • Focused on agriculture and not industry
  • Many were located in arid uninhabitable area
  • Involved in forced labor
  • no longer in WE
  • Power was centralized
  • Between 1500 and 1800 had the largest
    administrative and economic systems because they
    were more of a threat to each other
  • Few strategic concerns
  • Examples?
  • Spain, Portugal, England
  • Relatively Small
  • Self-sufficient
  • Settled in profitable areas
  • Involved in forced labor
  • Increasingly brutal
  • Power divided amongst lands
  • Benefited from private investors or joint-stock
    companies

12
Labor Systems
  • 1450 1750

13
Types of Labor
  • What are the two main types of labor systems?
  • Paid and Unpaid
  • When were paid systems used?
  • Indentured servants/Debt Peonage
  • Who were these indentured servants?
  • Europeans who came over during the first wave of
    imperialism.
  • Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
  • Debtor provides service until their debt is paid
    off
  • Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in
    post-Civil War south.
  • Kept former slaves tied to land
  • Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
  • What was the second labor force of imperialism?
  • Indigenous people

14
Indigenous Labor in the New World
  • What were encomiendas and the mita system?
  • Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin
    America
  • This land included the Indian Laborers living
    there
  • Forced labor system replacing indentured servants
    with Indian slaves
  • Based off of the Incan labor system
  • What were Potosi and Huancavelica?
  • Largest silver mine and source of mercury
  • What was the similarity between Viceroyalities
    and Capitancies?
  • V Spanish representative of the king
  • C Portuguese representatives of the king
    (Brazil)
  • Why were Europeans forced to turn slave labor
    in the New World?
  • Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of
    plantations demanded far more labor

15
The Emergence of Slave Labor
  • Why was there little need for slave labor in the
    Northern American colonies?
  • Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were
    grown in the south
  • What crops require large amounts of labor?
  • Rice, tobacco, sugarcane, cotton
  • As the New World colonies increasingly turned to
    plantation crops, the need for slave labor
    skyrocketed

16
The Slave Trade
  • Reasons for British Institutionalization of
    slavery
  • Need for cheap, abundant labor
  • Viewed Africans as less human
  • Natives and European indentured servants worked
    for only a specific amount of time
  • Other reasons slavery was so successful
  • Seemingly limitless supply
  • Natural increase allowed for population
    maintenance
  • 1660s(VA) 300
  • 1756 120,000
  • Thousands were brought in daily at one point
  • Involved approximately 20 million Africans
    (survived)
  • Triangular Trade
  • West Coast of Africa ? Caribbean/Latin America/
    North America ? Europe
  • 13 20 died during the trip

17
Effects of the Slave Trade
  • Areas of Africa depopulated
  • Took youngest and healthiest
  • Social organization disrupted
  • Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
  • Dependent on European goods
  • African empires lost prominence as power/trade
    shifted to the coast
  • Desire for wealth/guns perpetuated the slave
    trade
  • View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor
    race relations today

18
Questions to Consider
  • What effects would the slave trade have upon
    Africa in the future?
  • What effects did the slave trade have upon the
    New World?
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