BEHAVIORAL THEORISTS - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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BEHAVIORAL THEORISTS

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behavioral theorists ivan pavlov b.f. skinner a major premise and orientation behind behaviorism is that psychology should study only observable behavior – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: BEHAVIORAL THEORISTS


1
BEHAVIORAL THEORISTS
  • IVAN PAVLOV
  • B.F. SKINNER
  • A MAJOR PREMISE AND ORIENTATION BEHIND
    BEHAVIORISM IS THAT PSYCHOLOGY SHOULD STUDY ONLY
    OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOR

2
IVAN PAVLOV
  • RUSSIAN PHYSIOLOGIST
  • HE STUDIED THE IMPORTANCE OF SALIVA IN THE
    DIGESTIVE PROCESS OF DOGS

3
PSYCHIC REFLEXES
  • DOGS RESTRAINED IN HARNESS
  • COLLECTED SALIVA
  • HE PAIRED MEAT POWDER WITH DIFFERENT STIMULI

4
IMPLICATIONS OF PAVLOVS WORK
  • CLASSICAL CONDITIONING PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN
    SHAPING EMOTIONAL RESPONSES LIKE FEAR, ANXIETY,
    AND PHOBIAS
  • USED IN ADVERTISING

5
B.F. SKINNER
  • A STRICT BEHAVIORIST
  • HE DID NOT BELIEVE IN INTERNAL MENTAL STATES
  • THE SKINNER BOX OPERANT CONDITIONING

6
SKINNERS THEORY
  • BEHAVIOR IS INFLUENCED BY REWARDS AND PUNSHMENTS
  • HE TRAINED RATS TO RESPOND TO LIGHTS AND SOUNDS
  • REINFORCEMENT

7
APPLICATION OF SKINNERS WORK
  • USED IN PRISONS AND MENTAL HOSPITALS
  • REINFORCERS ARE USED TO PRODUCE POSITIVE
    BEHAVIORS
  • TOKEN ECONOMIES SHAPE BEHAVIOR

8
THE HUMANISTIC APPROACH
MASLOW ROGERS
9
ABRAHAM MASLOW
  • HUMANISTS BELIEVED THAT PSYCHOANALYSIS AND
    BEHAVIOR-ISM ARE DEHUMANIZING
  • EMPHASIS ON UNIQUENESS
  • POSITIVE, OPTIMISTIC

10
HUMANS HAVE MANY NEEDS
  • PEOPLE HAVE MANY NEEDS THAT COMPETE
  • BIOLOGICAL MOTIVES
  • SOCIAL MOTIVES
  • HUMAN NEEDS ARE ORGANIZED IN A HIERARCHY

11
MASLOWS HIERARCHY
  • THE NEEDS AT THE BOTTOM ARE THE MOST BASIC
    (HUNGER)
  • THE NEXT LEVELSAFETY NEEDS
  • NEXT BELONGING AND LOVE

12
PYRAMID CONTINUED
  • ESTEEM NEEDS
  • COGNITIVE NEEDS
  • AESTHETIC NEEDS
  • SELF-ACTUALIZED

13
APPLICATIONS OF MASLOWS WORK
  • IN THE FIELD OF BUSINESS
  • IN THE ARTS AND HUMANITIES
  • CRITICISMS

14
CARL ROGERS
  • CLIENT-CENTERED THERAPY
  • CCT PROVIDES A SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENT
  • IN CCT, THE CLIENT DETERMINES THE PACE
    DIRECTION OF THERAPY

15
WHAT CAUSES ANXIETY?
  • ANXIETY IS CAUSED BY INCONSISTENCY BETWEEN A
    PERSONS SELF-CONCEPT AND REALITY.
  • HOW YOU PERCEIVE YOURSELF

16
DO WE NEED CONSTANT APPROVAL FROM OTHERS?
  • ROGERS BELIEVED THIS WAS THE ROOT CAUSE OF
    CLIENTS' PROBLEMS
  • THE CLIENT NEEDS TO DEVELOP INSIGHT
  • YOU CANT ALWAYS PLEASE OTHERS

17
THE THERAPEUTIC CLIMATE
  • THE PROCESS OF THERAPY IS LESS RELEVANT THAN THE
    CLIMATE OF THE THERAPY
  • THERAPYS ROLE

18
QUALITIES OF A GOOD THERAPIST
  • GENUINENESS
  • UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD
  • EMPATHY

19
THE THERAPEUTIC PROCESS
  • THE THERAPIST PROVIDES VERY LITTLE GUIDANCE
  • THE THERAPIST KEEPS ADVICE TO A MINIMUM
  • THERAPIST PROVIDES FEEDBACK

20
THE COGNITIVE APPROACH
  • HUMAN BEHAVIOR CANNOT BE FULLY UNDERSTOOD
    WITHOUT EXAMINING HOW PEOPLE ACQUIRE, STORE, AND
    PROCESS INFORMATION
  • ELLIS PIAGET WERE INFLUENTIAL COGNITIVE
    THINKERS

21
JEAN PIAGET
  • CHILD PSYCHOLOGIST
  • HE FOUND ANSWERS TO HUMAN BEHAVIOR BY STUDYING
    CHILDREN
  • INFLUENTIAL IN SCHOOL REFORM

22
HIS VIEW OF CHILDREN
  • CHILDREN ARE NOT BLANK SLATES OR EMPTY
    VESSELS
  • CHILDREN INVENT THEIR OWN LOGIC
  • OBSERVATION OF CHILDRENS MINDS

23
LESSONS PIAGET LEARNED FROM CHILDREN
  • CHILDREN TAKING IQ TESTS MADE SIMILAR ERRORS
  • KNOWLEDGE IS DISCOVERED BY OBSERVING A CHILDS
    MIND
  • KNOWLEDGE BUILDS AS KIDS GROW

24
AN EXPERIMENT
  • THE PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION (AGES 57)
  • CHILDREN UNDER AGE 5 ARE EGOCENTRIC
  • BY AGE 7 OBJECT PERMANENCE IS RECOGNIZED

25
STAGE 1 SENSORIMOTOR
  • SIMPLE MOTOR RESPONSES TO SENSORY STIMULI NO
    CONCEPTION OF OBJECT PERMANENCE
  • USE OF SCHEMAS

26
STAGE 2 PREOPERATIONAL
  • AGES 1 ½7
  • EXHIBITS EGOCENTRIC THINKING
  • LACKS CONCEPT OF CONSERVA-TION
  • USES SYMBOLS, WORDS, MENTAL IMAGES

27
STAGE 3 CONCRETE OPERATIONS
  • AGES 711
  • BEGINS TO UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF CONSERVATION
  • STILL HAS SOME TROUBLE WITH ABSTRACT IDEAS
  • CLASSIFICATION

28
STAGE 4 FORMAL OPERATIONS
  • AGES 11ADULT
  • UNDERSTANDS ABSTRACT IDEAS AND HYPOTHETICAL
    SITUATIONS
  • CAPABLE OF LOGICAL THINKING
  • NERVOUS SYSTEM
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