Session 7.1. Assessment 3: Working with Sectoral Indicators - Water

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Session 7.1.Assessment 3 Working with
Sectoral Indicators - Water Sanitation
International Development Research Centre, Ottawa
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Objectives

• After completing this session, participants will
  be able to
• Describe the concept of and the system components
  integral to environmental health
• List the components of the Hygiene Loop
• List a number of immediate, medium, and
  longer-term objectives of a displacement
  emergency water sanitation programme.
• Understand the basic standards and indicators
  used in water and sanitation programmes for
  assessing, monitoring, and designing projects

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• Water Sanitation
• THE BIG ISSUES..
• The Hygiene Loop
• Water Demand Sources
• Quality Requirements
• Water Treatment
• Site planning for sanitation
• Latrines
• Drainage, Drainage, Drainage

WHO Photo
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The Hygiene Loop and Environmental Health

• A systematic approach to community health
• Water
• Sanitation
• Hygiene
• Relates infectious diseases to environmental
  factors
• Seeks to modify environments to prevent or reduce
  infectious diseases through water, sanitation and
  hygiene education

system components
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• Water The Hygiene Loop

Water Supply
Water Collection/ Transport
Hygiene
Wastewater/ Sewage
Water Storage
Food

• Site Selection
• Needs Assessment
• Refugee Involvement
• Co-ordination
• Education

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Water Source Management Concerns
- Dependability - Storage - Yield - Equipment -
Protection - Quality - High cost - Distance -
Costs

• Rainwater
• Groundwater
• Surface water
• Trucking / tankering
• Existing systems

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• Water Treatment Strategies
• Prevention
• Protection of Sources
• Sanitation
• Sensitization/Education
• Sedimentation
• Settling Tanks
• Storage Tanks
• Storage Containers
• Filtration
• Rapid Filters
• Slow Sand Filters
• Disinfection
• Boiling
• Chemicals Chlorination
• UV

WHO photo
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• Who Can Help?
• Local Expertise
• Engineers
• Chemists/Laboratories
• Refugees
• Organizations
• UNHCR
• ICRC
• UNICEF
• UNDP/WB
• NGOs
• Red R
• Oxfam
• MSF

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• Water Demand - Indicators and Planning figures
  ...
• Individuals in l/p/d
• Drinking 3
• Cooking 3
• Hygiene 8
• Laundry 6
• Community
• Health Center 50 l /bed/day
• Feeding Center 25 l /bed/day
• School 20 l /student/day
• Further Needs
• Sanitation
• Irrigation
• Livestock

15-20
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• Environmental Sanitation
• The goal is to improve community health through
• good quality, reliable water supply
• appropriate excreta disposal system
• an organized, well-managed solid waste disposal
  system
• a systematic waste water and stormwater drainage
  system
• a well-designed, planned housing system
• a vector control mechanism.

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• Viability of Sanitation Projects is Improved
  When...
• They are grounded in
• traditional values of the target communities
• practices
• skills
• means
• They involve the beneficiaries at all stages
• needs assessment
• project identification
• planning, implementation, operation maintenance
• monitoring evaluation

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WHEN TIME IS OF THE ESSENCE.

• What can be done immediately (hours and days) to
  reduce risks of dehydration and disease?
• What can be done in the short - term (days and
  weeks)?
• What can be done in the medium term (weeks and
  months)?
• What can be done for the long term (months and
  years?)?

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FIRST HOURS AND DAYS

• Water
• bottled water distribution
• tankering w/ bladder tanks
• treatment sachets for surface water sources
• jerry cans and containers with purifying tablets

UNHCR

• Sanitation
• Protection of water sources
• marked defecation areas
• signage and wardens to police sanitation
  situation
• soap

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FIRST DAYS AND WEEKS

• Water
• tankering w/ bladder tanks
• hard tanks distribution systems
• jerry cans and containers with purifying tablets

IFRC photo

• Sanitation
• Protection of water sources
• marked defecation trenches or communal latrines
• signage and wardens to police sanitation
  situation
• soap
• education campaign

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FIRST WEEKS AND MONTHS

• Water
• tankering only to meet gaps
• wells where possible
• purification systems where needed
• hard tanks extended distribution systems
• jerry cans

IRC

• Sanitation
• Protection of water sources
• family latrines or increased numbers of community
  latrines
• community sanitation teams
• Solid waste disposal system
• soap

Butyl Products
MSF
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FIRST MONTHS AND YEARS

• Water
• tankering only to meet gaps
• improved wells where possible
• purification systems where needed
• maintenance of hard tanks extended
  distribution systems
• jerry cans

Butyl Products

• Sanitation
• Protection of water sources
• Soakaways at water points
• family latrines (VIP type)
• community sanitation teams
• Solid waste disposal system
• soap

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See UNHCR Handbook page 236
Ventilated Improved Double Pit (VIDP) Latrine
removable cover slab
concrete cap
unused pit
in use
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WORKING WITH INDICATORS FOR WATER
See UNHCR Handbook pages 210-237

• Quantity
• Minimum for survival / person per day is 7 liters
• Planning figures - minimum 15-20 liters per day
• Quality
• 1 -10 faecal coliforms per 100 ml per day

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WORKING WITH INDICATORS FOR SANITATION
See UNHCR Handbook pages 210-237

• Quantity
• 3.5 m trench /100 users (msf) _at_ 30cm w X90cm
  deep
• 1 latrine per 20 people or, better, 1 per family
• Soap - 250g / person / month (Sphere)
• Quality
• Short Term - controlled areas away from water
  sources and shelters
• medium term, trenches , latrines
• longer term, VIP latrines

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SOME OTHER KEY INDICATORS
From Sphere
QUALITY - less than 10 faecal coliforms/100
ml QUANTITY - 20 liters per person/day LATRINES
- 1/20 people, or better, 1 per family DISTANCE
TO LATRINES - no more than 50 meters away (or 1
minute walk) TAP STANDS - 1 tap /200
people DISTANCE TO TAP - 100m from shelter
maximum SLOPE - site gradient not more than 7
without extensive engineering
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EXPLAIN THIS PICTURE - using standards and
indicators that might apply to this situaiton
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• Conclusions
• Meet immediate needs immediately and improve over
  time
• Understand and use standards and indicators for
  assessment, analysis, and planning
• Water distribution and sanitary excreta disposal
  are so important (and difficult) that camp
  design should be centered around a water and
  sanitation plan.