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Pre AP 10/11 Warm UP Notes Enzymes and Bioenergetics (CH 2 section 4) HW: Print Enzyme Lab (posted today) Study for Quiz FRIDAY. Check your assignment for PSAT – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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1
Pre AP 10/11
  • Warm UP
  • Notes Enzymes and Bioenergetics (CH 2 section 4)
  • HW Print Enzyme Lab (posted today)
  • Study for Quiz FRIDAY.
  • Check your assignment for PSAT

2
Warm - UP
  • What are enzymes and what do they do?

3
Enzymes
4
What Are Enzymes?
  • Most enzymes are Proteins (tertiary and
    quaternary structures)
  • Act as Catalyst to accelerates a reaction
  • Not permanently changed in the process

5
Enzymes
  • Are specific for what they will catalyze
  • Are Reusable
  • End in ase
  • -Sucrase
  • -Lactase
  • -Maltase

6
How do enzymes Work?
  • Enzymes work by weakening bonds which lowers
    activation energy

7
Enzymes
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Enzyme-Substrate Complex
  • The substance (reactant) an enzyme acts on is the
    substrate

Joins
Substrate
11
Active Site
  • A restricted region of an enzyme molecule which
    binds to the substrate.

Substrate
Active Site
12
Induced Fit
  • A change in the shape of an enzymes active site
  • Induced by the substrate
  • Different from lock and key analogy

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Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
  • Temperature
  • pH
  • Cofactors Coenzymes
  • Inhibitors

15
Temperature pH
  • Most enzymes like near neutral pH (6 to 8)
  • Denatured (unfolded) by ionic salts
  • High temperatures are the most dangerous
    reactions denature enzymes (Most like normal
    Body temperatures)

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Cofactors and Coenzymes
  • Cofactors Inorganic substances (zinc, iron) and
  • Coenzymes vitamins (organic) are sometimes need
    for proper enzymatic activity.
  • Example
  • Iron must be present in the quaternary
    structure of hemoglobin in order for it to pick
    up oxygen.

18
Two examples of Enzyme Inhibitors
  • a. Competitive inhibitors are chemicals that
    resemble an enzymes normal substrate and compete
    with it for the active site.

Substrate
19
Inhibitors
  • b. Noncompetitive inhibitors
  • Inhibitors that do not enter the active site,
    but bind to another part of the enzyme causing
    the enzyme to change its shape, which in turn
    alters the active site.

Substrate
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BIOENERGETICS
22
What is Bioenergetics?
  • The study of energy in living systems
    (environments) and the organisms (plants and
    animals) that utilize them

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Energy
  • Required by all organisms
  • May be Kinetic or Potential energy

25
Kinetic Energy
  • Energy of Motion
  • Heat and light energy are examples

26
Kinetic Energy
27
Potential Energy
  • Energy of position
  • Includes energy stored in chemical bonds
    chemical gradients

28
Two Types of Energy Reactions
29
Endergonic Reactions
  • Chemical reaction that requires a net input of
    energy. (energy absorbing)
  • Photosynthesis
  • 6CO2 6H2O ? C6H12O6 6O2

30
Exergonic Reactions
  • Chemical reactions that releases energy (energy
    releasing)
  • Cellular Respiration
  • C6H12O6 6O2 ? 6CO2 6H2O

31
Metabolic Reactions of Cells
32
What is Metabolism?
  • The sum total of the chemical activities of all
    cells.

33
Two Types of Metabolism
  • Anabolic Pathways
  • Catabolic Pathways

34
Anabolic Pathway
  • Metabolic reactions, which consume energy
    (endergonic), to build complicated molecules from
    simpler compounds.
  • Photosynthesis
  • 6CO2 6H2O ? C6H12O6 6O2

35
Catabolic Pathway
  • Metabolic reactions which release energy
    (exergonic) by breaking down complex molecules in
    simpler compounds
  • Cellular Respiration
  • C6H12O6 6O2 ? 6CO2 6H2O

36
Cellular Energy - ATP
37
ATP
  • Components
  • 1. adenine nitrogenous base
  • 2. ribose five carbon sugar
  • 3.phosphate group chain of 3

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Adenosine Triphosphate
  • Three phosphate groups-(two with high energy
    bonds
  • Last phosphate group (PO4) contains the MOST
    energy

40
Breaking the Bonds of ATP
  • Process is called phosphorylation
  • Occurs continually in cells
  • Enzyme ATP-ase can weaken break last PO4 bond
    releasing energy free PO4

41
How does ATP work ?
  • Organisms use enzymes to break down energy-rich
    glucose to release its potential energy
  • This energy is trapped and stored in the form of
    adenosine triphosphate(ATP)

42
How Much ATP Do Cells Use?
  • It is estimated that each cell will generate and
    consume approximately 10,000,000 molecules of ATP
    per second

43
Coupled Reaction - ATP
  • The exergonic hydrolysis of ATP is coupled with
    the endergonic dehydration process by
    transferring a phosphate group to another
    molecule.

ATP
H2O
ADP P
H2O
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Hydrolysis of ATP
  • ATP H2O ? ADP P (exergonic)

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Hyrolysis is Exergonic
Energy Used by Cells
48
Dehydration of ATP
  • ADP P ? ATP H2O (endergonic)

Dehydration(Remove H2O
49
Dehydration is Endergonic
Energy is restored in Chemical Bonds
50
Review
51
How many high energy phosphate bonds does ATP
have?
52
Which is true of photosyntheis?
Anabolic or Catabolic
Exergonic Or Endergonic
53
The breakdown of ATP is due to
Dehydration or Hydrolysis
H2O added or H2O removed
54
Which Reactions are often Coupled in Organisms
BOTH
Hydrolysis or Dehydration
BOTH
Anabolism or Catabolism
BOTH
Endergonic or Exergonic
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