Population Geography

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Population Geography

• Distribution of World Population
• Population Statistics
• Population Pyramids
• Demographic Transition Theory
• Population Control
• Overpopulation (Malthus and Neo-Malthusians

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Arithmetic Density the total number of people
per a unit of land area. U.S. 76/mi2
NYC1,000,000/mi2 Australia 7/mi2 Physiologica
l Density the total number of people per a unit
of arable (farmable) land.
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World and Country Population Totals

• Distribution and Structure 3/4 of people live on
  5 of earth's surface!
• Total 6.6 billion on planet as of 2007
• Current Population Counter
• Five most populous regions and countries
• REGION POPULATION COUNTRY POPULATION
• East Asia 1.5 billion China 1.254 billion
• South Asia 1.2 billion India 986 million
• Europe 750 million U.S. 274 million
• SE Asia 500 million Indonesia 206 million
• East N. Am.120 million Brazil 168 million

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Ecumene
Ecumene, or portion of the earths surface that
has permanent human settlement has expanded to
cover most of the earths land area.
Expansion of the Ecumene 5000 BC - AD 1900
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Rates of Natural Increase
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Birth Control Programs

• One family/one child policies
• Female infanticide
• Social compensation fees
• Sterilization
• Loss of status
• Termination healthcare/food coupons
• Free birth control
• Increased literacy

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World Death Rates

• Infectious diseases
• HIV/AIDS
• SARS
• Degenerative diseases
• Obesity
• Tobacco use
• Epidemiological transition

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Epidemiologic Transition

• Stages 1 and 2
• Infectious and parasitic disease.
• natural checks according to Malthus
• Stages 3 and 4
• Degenerative and human created disease.
• Increase in chronic disorders associated with
  aging (heart attack, etc)
• Possible Stage 5
• Reemergence of infectious and parasitic disease.

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Doubling Times

• The doubling time is the number of years before a
  population will be twice as large as it is today.
• World 50
• U.S. 34
• MDC 543
• LDC 40
• Honduras 22
• Belize 19
• Denmark 700
• Russia never?

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Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
PalestinianTerritories Fertility Rate
1975-1980 7.39
1980-1985 7.00
1985-1990 6.43
1990-1995 6.46
1995-2000 5.99
2000-2005 5.57

• Amount of children a women will have on average
  during her child bearing years.
• High infant mortality tends to result in higher
  fertility rates as families seek insurance for
  the loss of children.

U.K. Total fertility rate
1975-1980 1.72
1980-1985 1.80
1985-1990 1.81
1990-1995 1.78
1995-2000 1.70
2000-2005 1.66
Africa Fertility Rate
1975-1980 6.60
1980-1985 6.45
1985-1990 6.11
1990-1995 5.67
1995-2000 5.26
2000-2005 4.97
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Infant Mortality
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Adults and Children Living with AIDS, 2004
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Demographic Transition Model www.prb.org/pdf04/tra
nsitionsinWorldPop.pdf The demographic
transition consists of four stages, which move
from high birth and death rates, to declines
first in death rates then in birth rates, and
finally to a stage of low birth and death rates.
Population growth is most rapid in the second
stage.
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The Demographic Transition

• The Demographic Transition
• 1. Low growth 3. Moderate growth
• 2. High growth 4. Low growth
• Population pyramids
• Age distribution
• Sex ratio
• Countries in different stages of demographic
  transition
• Demographic transition and world population
  growth

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Demographic Transition Model

• Stage one
• Crude birth/death rate high
• Fragile population
• Stage two
• Lower death rates
• Infant mortality rate
• Natural increase high
• Stage three
• Indicative of richer developed countries
• Higher standards of living/education
• Stage Four
• CBR and CDR are at equilibrium or almost
• ZPG Zero Pop. Growth
• Most Northern and Western Euro countries

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Rapid Growth in Cape Verde

• Cape Verde, which entered stage 2 of the
  demographic transition in about 1950, is
  experiencing rapid population growth. Its
  population history reflects the impacts of
  famines and out-migration.

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Moderate Growth in Chile

• Chile entered stage 2 of the demographic
  transition in the 1930s, and it entered stage 3
  in the 1960s.

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Low Growth in Denmark

• Denmark has been in stage 4 of the demographic
  transition since the 1970s, with little
  population growth since then. Its population
  pyramid shows increasing numbers of elderly and
  few children.

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Stage One

• Pre-industrial
• CBR and CDR high and fluctuate according to
  natural events and disasters.
• Population is a constant and young pop.

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Stage Two

• Death rates drop improvements in food supply,
  sanitation, etc.
• Birth rates do not drop causes an imbalance so
  there is a large increase in population.

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Stage Three

• Birth rates fall
• Access to contraception
• Increase in wages
• Urbanization
• Move away from subsistence agriculture.
• Education of women
• Population growth begins to level off

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Stage Four

• Low birth AND low death.
• Birth rates may drop below replacement levels
  (Japan and Italy) which may lead to negative
  population growth.
• Large group born during stage 2 ages creates a
  burden on the smaller working population.

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Soooo.

• A cycle in a way from 1 to 4
• Difference in Stage 1 CBR and CDR are high in
  Stage 4 they are low.
• Difference total population of a country is
  higher in Stage 4 than in Stage 1

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The Demographic Transition in England

• Now Stage 4
• Historically
• Stage 1 Low growth until 1750
• Stage 2 High growth 1750-1880
• Stage 3 Moderate growth 1880-early 1970s
• Stage 4 Early 1970s-present. Long time below
  the 2.1 Total Fertility Rate needed for
  replacement.

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• Problems with the Demographic Transition Model
• based on European experience, assumes all
  countries will progress to complete
  industrialization
• many countries reducing growth rate dramatically
  without increase in wealth
• on the other hand, some countries stuck in
  stage 2 or stage 3
• it is not an exact science!!!!!!!!

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Remember Demographic Transition is not only
dependent on CBR and CDR but also on in and out
migration!!!!
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Population Shift
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Overpopulation

• When consumption of natural resources by people
  outstrip the ability of a natural region to
  replace those natural resources.

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Thomas Malthus on Population

• Malthus predicted
• population would outrun food supply
• decrease in food per person.
• Assumptions
• Populations grow exponentially.
• Food supply grows arithmetically.
• Food shortages and chaos inevitable.

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Population J-Curve
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Population and Resource Consumption
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The End