4.1 THE COMPONENTS OF CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS

1
4 Categorical Propositions

• 4.1 THE COMPONENTS OF CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS

2
Standard Form Categorical Propositions

• All S are P
• No S are P
• Some S are P
• Some S are not P
• Unless a statement is in one of these four forms,
  it is not in standard form.

3
Standard Form Categorical Proposition

• All members of the American Medical Association
  are persons holding degrees from recognized
  academic institutions.
• Quantifier All
• Subject term members of the American Medical
  Association
• Copula are
• Predicate term persons holding degrees from
  recognized academic institutions
• This statement is an instantiation of the
  standard form
• All S are P
• You might translate it
• All M are D
• for
• All AMA Members are Degree holders

4
Standard Form Categorical Proposition

• Some universities that emphasize research are not
  institutions that neglect undergraduate
  education.
• Quantifier Some
• Subject term universities that emphasize
  research
• Copula are not
• Predicate term institutions that neglect
  undergraduate education
• This statement is an instantiation of the
  standard form
• Some S are not P
• You might translate it
• Some R are not N
• for
• Some Research universities are not Neglecters of
  undergrads.

5
Standard Form Categorical Proposition

• The Subject term and Predicate term each name a
  class (or group) of things.
• The Quantifiers All, No, and Some tell us
  how much of the subject class is included in or
  excluded from the predicate class.
• The Copulas are and are not tell us whether
  members of the subject class are included or
  excluded from the predicate class.

6
Standard Form Categorical Proposition

• Identify the Subject Term, Predicate Term,
  Copula, and Quantifier
• 1) No persons who live near airports are persons
  who appreciate the noise of jets.
• 2) All oil-based paints are products that
  contribute significantly to photochemical smog.
• 3) Some artificial hearts are mechanisms that are
  prone to failure.
• 4) Some universities that emphasize research are
  not institutions that neglect undergraduate
  education.

7
About Terms

• Notice on the previous slide, all the words
  between the quantifier and copula count as the
  subject term all the words after the copula to
  the end of the sentence count as the predicate
  term.
• This will be true of every categorical sentence
  we consider in the text, quizzes, and tests.
• This isnt true, always, in ordinary discourse.

8
Quantities

• There are 3 different quantifiers (words that
  show quantity), but just two quantities. Huh?
• All
• No
• Some Particular

Universal
9
Qualities

• There are just two qualities, affirmative
  negative, but 4 words that indicate them
• All
• Are
• No
• Are not

indicate Affirmative
indicate Negative