6th Grade Review

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6th Grade Review
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Atoms

• Atoms are the building blocks of matter.
• An electron is negative and orbits the
  nucleus.
• A proton is positive and is inside the nucleus.
• A neutron is neutral and is inside the nucleus.
• Subatomic particles are broken into 3 quarks ea.

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Atomic Models

• Democritus was first to propose the idea of an
  atom (smallest piece).
• Dalton said each element had its own atoms.
• Chadwick discovered the neutron.
• Rutherford discovered the nucleus.
• Bohr stated that electrons were on orbits.
• The current model (wave/electron cloud) is based
  on Rutherford and Bohrs.

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The Atom
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Periodic Table

• Aristotle (Greek) said there were only 4
  elements fire, earth, air, and water.
• A periodic table charts all elements in families
  based on properties and is in order of atomic
  number.
• Atomic number equals protons (also matches the
  number of electrons)
• Atomic mass equals protons plus neutrons.

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The Periodic Table
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Energy

• Kinetic is energy of motion. (mass x velocity)
• Potential energy is energy of position or stored.
  
• The sun is the original source of all energy.
• Energy can never be destroyed nor created only
  transferred.
• Renewable resources are sun, geo-thermal,
  biomass, wind, wood, and waves/water.
• Non-renewable are coal, petroleum or gas,
  uranium, and oil.
• Wood and water are renewable but still finite.
  Meaning, they can run out if used unwisely.

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Renewable Energy
Passive interior heat
Solar panels
Window design
Solar water heater
Backup heat source
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Energy
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Earth Science

• Weathering is the break down
• of rocks.
• Mechanical weathering is the
• break down without changing
• the rock.
• Ex. Roots, frost action, etc
• Chemical weathering changes to composition of the
  rock. Ex. Rust (oxidation), water reaction
• Weathering of rocks and decomposition of
  plants/animals causes soil to form.
• Erosion is the movement of weathered materials.
• Deposition is the setting down of the rock.

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More on earth science

• Erosion occurs through gravity, wind, water,
  glaciers, and waves.
• Gravity causes mass movement of rocks. Meaning
  millions of tons moved at once.
• Examples mudflows, rockslides, landslides, etc
• Wind moves rocks through sand storms or by
  bouncing materials along the ground.
• Water carries materials with the runoff that
  moves across the land through gullies, rivers,
  streams.
• Glaciers scrape the ground as they move forward
  and deposit rocks as they move backward.
• Waves push sediments forward and pull backward.

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Things to remember

• Gullies form streams form rivers and all of it
  together forms a drainage basin.
• The faster the water flows, the more sediment it
  can carry.
• Immature rivers flow quickly and have many water
  falls.
• Mature rivers have lots of meanders (turns) and
  flow slowly.

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Astronomy

• Our sun is a
  medium-sized star
• The sun creates energy through fusion of Hydrogen
  into Helium in its core/center.
• The seasons are caused by the tilt of the Earths
  axis.
• The moon appears to go through phases, because
  one side is always lit.
• The phases of the moon are new, waxing
  crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full,
  waning gibbous, last quarter, and waning crescent.

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More astronomy facts

• The International Space Station (ISS) is a large
  space station that orbits the earth. Many
  different countries send astronauts there to do
  varying experiments. It orbits 220 miles above
  the earth.
• Solar Winds are radioactive particles that emit
  from the sun outwardly towards the planets.
  Earth is protected by both the magnetosphere and
  the atmospheric layers.
• Ptolemy said that there was a Geocentric system
  (earth in the middle).
• Copernicus said that there was a Heliocentric
  system (sun in the middle). This was supported
  by Galileos observations of Venus phases.

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Helio versus Geo
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Even more

• Kepler is responsible for determining that
  planets do not orbit in perfect circles, instead
  they move in ellipses.
• Newton is responsible for defining inertia and
  gravity and determining that they are responsible
  for the planet motion.

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Moon Phases
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Tides

• Tides are caused by the gravitational pull
  between the earth, sun, and moon.
• A neap tide is when the moon is perpendicular
  from the sun and is the lowest of high tides.
• A spring tide is when the moon is in line with
  the sun and is the highest of high tides.
• There are two high and two low tides every 24
  hours.

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Meteor or Meteorite?

• Meteroid is a rocky piece of space debris that
  exists out in space.
• Meteor is when a meteoroid enters the atmosphere
  and gets burned up.
• Meteorite is when a piece of the meteoroid
  doesnt burn up completely and hits the earth.

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Planets

• Terrestrial/rocky planets/inner are Mercury,
  Venus, Earth and Mars.
• Gas/Jovian/outer planets are Jupiter, Saturn,
  Uranus, and Neptune
• Uranus is tilted on its axis.
• Venus is the earths sister planet.
• Mars is the red planet.
• Mercury has the shortest year, no atmosphere.
• The asteroid belt is between Jupiter and Mars.

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The Planets
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More on Space

• Revolution - an object travels around another.
  Equals one year.
• Earth year is 365.25 days.
• Rotation is one spin on its axis. Equals one
  day.
• Earth day is 24 hours.
• A solar eclipse is when the moon is in the middle
  of the earth and sun.
• A lunar eclipse is when the earth is in the
  middle between the moon and sun.

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Total Eclipse of the Sun
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Random Space Facts

• John Glen was the first astronaut to circle the
  earth.
• Apollo 11 was the first manned mission to the
  moon.
• Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin were the first to
  step on the moon.
• The space station is a joint effort to create
  living quarters in space.

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The Sun

• Core this is where fusion occurs and is the
  hottest area.
• Photosphere where light comes from
• Chromosphere where the color comes from
• Corona the rays
• Changes Hydrogen in to Helium through Fusion.
• Dark spots on the sun are sunspots.

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Scientific Investigation

• Constants is what remains the same in
  experimental set-ups.
• Inference - a proposed explanation for an
  observation.
• Predictions -what you think will happen based on
  past observations.

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Seasons
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Scientific Method cont.

• Hypothesis -an educated guess. And is written in
  If..then. format.
• Independent Variable - the thing that I change
  in the experiment.
• The Dependent Variable- what is affected by the
  I.V.

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Scientific Method cont

• Qualitative data uses the 5 senses quality
  (describes)
• Quantitative data uses numbers. quantity
  (charts and graphs)
• Stating the problem is the first step in the
  scientific method.
• You experiment to test your hypothesis.

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Scientific Method cont

• You organize data to analyze your results by
  making graphs, charts, etc
• State a conclusion after the experiment.
• A good experiment is done at least 3 times.
• A control is a set up that is as close to nature
  as possible.

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Now practice your skills(do not write)

• If I am testing laundry detergent on two grass
  stained shirts what is my I.V?
• What is my D.V?
• What would my control setup be?
• What are the constants?

? Read
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Measurement

• Mass is the amount of matter in an object.
  Measured in grams with a triple beam balance.
• Volume is the amount of space an object takes up.
  Measured in mL or cc using a graduated cylinder.
• Length is measured in m using a meter-stick or
  ruler.
• Density is measured in g/mL or g/cc. Density
  never changes.

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Measurement
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6th Grade Matter

• Physical properties color, shape, texture.
• Chemical properties rusting, flammability,
  combustibility.
• Chemical reaction and a chemical change are the
  same.
• Reaction occurs when both physical and chemical
  properties are changed.

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Chemical Reactions
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More on matter

• A compound two or more elements combined. Ex.
  water
• A mixture is two or more compounds mixed and can
  be separated easily. Ex. Salad, cereal,
  kool-aid.
• An element is the simplest pure substance and
  cannot be broken down.

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6th grade factoids

• Acid rain forms when rain water mixes with sulfur
  in the atmosphere caused by pollution.
• Water is measured by the turbidity (can you see
  through it), the dissolved oxygen amount, and the
  pH which should be close to 7.
• Estuary is an area where salt and fresh water
  mix. Ex. Chesapeake Bay
• Watershed is an area where all the water leads to
  the same place. Chesapeake Bay watershed shared
  with Virginia, New York, New Jersey, West
  Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and North
  Carolina.

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Random Facts?

• Water cycle includes evaporation, condensation,
  precipitation, and infiltration.
• Water is Cohesive which means it can bond with
  and also Adhesive which means it can stick to
• Water exhibits capillarity which means it will
  cover the least amount of space on something and
  instead bulge upwards.
• Density of fresh water is 1g/mL
• Hydrosphere means all of earths water.

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Water CycleMagic School Bus Style
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