DNA Technology

1
DNA Technology

• DNA fingerprinting
• protein production
• gene therapy
• GMO - Genetically Modified Organisms
• cloning

2
DNA Technology - Terminology

• Restriction Enzyme
• cut DNA in specific spots depending on the code
  in the enzyme
• Bacterial Vectors
• Bacteria that are used to carry pieces of
  genetic information from other organisms
• plasmids ring shaped pieces of DNA
• Recombinant DNA
• Bacterial plasmid and inserted gene
• Stem Cells
• Cells that have the potential to become any part
  of the body

3
Restriction Enzymes

• Used to cut DNA
• Enzymes cut at specific base sequences
• Ex. AAGGTTC
• TTCCAAG

4
Forming Recombinant DNA using Restriction
Enzymes

• cut DNA at specific sequences creating small
  pieces
• add DNA from another source
• new DNA fragment created
• joined by enzymes

5
Making customized bacteria
6
(1) DNA fingerprinting
Uses of DNA technology

• Extract a sample of DNA from blood, saliva,
  hair, etc.
• break cell nuclear membranes
• cut DNA with restriction enzymes
• separate DNA fragments using gel electrophoresis
• Make DNA visible by staining it

fig 11.2
7
Gel Electrophoresis

• DNA is a negatively charged molecule
• placing it on a special liquid gel and running
  electricity through the gel will cause DNA to
  move from the negative pole to the positive pole
• the larger fragments move the least
• Smaller fragments move the farthest

fig 11.2
8
Reading the gels
fig 11.5
9
Uses of DNA technology
(2) Protein production

• open plasmid and insert human gene (use
  restriction enzymes to open and cut DNA)
• transfer the plasmid back into bacteria
• the bacteria reproduce and create the protein
• the protein can then be harvested
• Ex. insulin, human growth hormone

fig 11.12
10
(3) Gene Therapy
Uses of DNA technology

• infant has defective gene which causes cells to
  not function normally
• insert normal gene for the childs defective
  gene into a virus
• use the virus to insert the normal gene into
  defective stem cell
• grow the genetically altered stem cells and then
  insert them back into the infant

• bone marrow stem cells have potential to develop
  into different blood / immune cells

fig 11.19
11
(4) Genetically Modified Organisms
Uses of DNA technology

• use recombinant DNA to produce organisms with
  new traits
• examples
• btCorn (resistant to corn borer)
• fishberries (can grow in colder weather)

12
(4) Cloning
Uses of DNA technology

• clone genetic replica
• reproductive cloning
• transfer of a nucleus from a donor adult cell (a
  body cell) to an egg which has no nucleus

• therapeutic cloning
• cells that are created through cloning are grown
  to form tissues that are a perfect genetic match
  for the patient.

fig 11.17