Aim: How did the Enlightenment in Europe come about?

1
Aim How did the Enlightenment in Europe come
about?
2
The Scientific Method
http//physics.ucr.edu/wudka/Physics7/Notes_www/n
ode6.html
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Major Figures of the Scientific Revolution

• Galileo
• Kepler
• Vesalius
• Harvey
• Newton

4
Galileo (1564-1642)
proved the heliocentric theory
http//www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematic
ians/Galileo.html
5
Kepler (1571-1630)
demonstrated how planets orbit the earth
http//www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/PictDispla
y/Kepler.html
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Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
Founder of modern anatomy
http//www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/innovators/bio_ves
alius.html
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Harvey (1578-1657)
explained the circulation of blood
http//www.sjsu.edu/depts/Museum/harvey.html
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Newton (1643- 1727)
formulated the laws of gravity
http//www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematic
ians/Newton.html
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What does it mean to be Enlightened?
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The Enlightenment (1700s)

• Enlightened thinkers believed in
• Science and natural law (that laws govern human
  nature)
• Rationalism (the power of human reason)
• People can live by these laws and solve societys
  problems

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Enlightened Principles

• End to injustice, inequality, and superstition
• Tolerance of all religions
• Breakdown of institutions like the Church that
  were corrupt and were not based on natural law
  and human reason

Petersons AP Success World History 3rd Edition
12
SALONS

• Salons were parlors where people met to have
  enlightened discussions.
• Guests would include philosophes, writers, poets,
  and artists.
• Both men and women attended salons.

• One of the great salons was hosted by
  Marie-Therese Geoffrin. Voltaire attended her
  salon.

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The Chinese Influence on the Enlightenment

• In 1601 an Italian Jesuit, Matteo Ricci began a
  Catholic mission in China.
• By 1700 the Catholic mission had converted about
  250,000 Chinese to Christianity.
• The Europeans there were very well-educated and
  the Board of Astronomy was placed under their
  charge until 1838.

Columbia.edu
14
Ricci in China
Matteo Ricci (left) and Xu Guangqi(???) (right)
in the Chinese edition of Euclid's Elements
(????).
1602 map of Far East by Ricci
Images wikipedia
15
European Views of the East

• The Europeans in China wrote home about the
  advanced culture of the Chinese during the 18th
  century.
• This inspired European thinkers because the
  Chinese were not Christian, and yet maintained a
  moral society.
• The form of government was most inspiring to
  European philosophes.

Columbia.edu
16
Chinese Government

• Although he was seemingly an absolute monarch,
  the Chinese emperor was limited by Confucian
  principles.
• The people are the most important element in the
  state the sovereign is the least.
• The Chinese were viewed as a land that did not
  have an unfair feudal system. Their government
  was admired because of the civil service exam.

Columbia.edu
Google images
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Is this surprising?

• The Chinese had other ideas that traveled to the
  West!

Shutterstock.com
18
http//64.233.161.104/search?qcacheawO8lbGH2QYJ
afe.easia.columbia.edu/chinawh/web/s10/ideas.pdfA
ChineseCinderellacolumbiahlenglusctclnkc
d1
Google images
19
Famous Figures of the Enlightenment

• Kant
• Locke
• Hobbes
• Rousseau
• Montesquieu
• Voltaire
• Beccaria

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Immanuel Kant

• Enlightenment is man's emergence from his
  self-imposed immaturity. Immaturity is the
  inability to use one's understanding without
  guidance from another. This immaturity is
  self-imposed when its cause lies not in lack of
  understanding, but in lack of resolve and courage
  to use it without guidance from another. Sapere
  Aude! dare to know Have courage to use your
  own understanding!--that is the motto of
  enlightenment. (1784)

http//www.philosophypages.com/ph/kant.htm
http//www.english.upenn.edu/mgamer/Etexts/kant.h
tml
Q Why do you think it takes courage to
become enlightened?
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John Locke

• Sec. 87. Man being born, as has been proved, with
  a title to perfect freedom, and an uncontrolled
  enjoyment of all the rights and privileges of the
  law of nature, equally with any other man, or
  number of men in the world, hath by nature a
  power, not only to preserve his property, that
  is, his life, liberty and estate, against the
  injuries and attempts of other men but to judge
  of, and punish (those who break) that law
  because no political society can be, nor subsist,
  without having in itself the power to preserve
  the propertyof all those of that society
• -Two Treatises of Government
• 1690

http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke/
http//www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1690locke-sel.h
tmlCHAPTER20II20Of20the20State20of20Nature
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Thomas Hobbes

• The condition of man
• in the state of nature
• is a condition of war
• of everyone against
• everyone.

Q Why do you think Hobbes was a supporter of
Absolutism?
http//oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/philosopher
s/hobbes.html
23
JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU
http//www.ithaca.edu/faculty/cduncan/220/rousseau
2.doc
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Montesquieu The Spirit of the Laws, 1748
In every government there are three sorts of
power the legislative the executive, in respect
to things dependent on the law of nations and
the executive, in regard to things that depend on
the civil law The political liberty of the
subject is a tranquility of mind, arising from
the opinion each person has of his safety. In
order to have this liberty, it is requisite the
government be so constituted as one man need not
be afraid of another.
http//www.epistemelinks.com/Main/Philosophers.asp
x?PhilCodeMon2
Fordham.edu
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MONTESQUIEU
SEPARATION OF POWERS
Q Why would one man not need be afraid of
another if the powers of government were Divided
among different branches?
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Voltaire A Treatise on Toleration (1763)

• Chapter 22 On Universal Tolerance
• It does not require great art, or magnificently
  trained eloquence, to prove that Christians
  should tolerate each other. I, however, am going
  further I say that we should regard all men as
  our brothers. What? The Turk my brother? The
  Chinaman my brother? The Jew? The Siam? Yes,
  without doubt are we not all children of the
  same father and creatures of the same God?

Fordham.edu
27
Modern History Sourcebook Cesare Beccaria
Essay on Crimes and Punishments
No man can be judged a criminal until he be
found guilty nor can society take from him the
public protection until it have been proved that
he has violated the conditions on which it was
granted. What right, then, but that of power, can
authorize the punishment of a citizen so long as
there remains any doubt of his guilt? This
dilemma is frequent. Either he is guilty, or not
guilty. If guilty, he should only suffer the
punishment ordained by the laws, and torture
becomes useless, as his confession is
unnecessary. If he be not guilty, you torture the
innocent for, in the eye of the law, every man
is innocent whose crime has not been proved.
Fordham.edu
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Aim To what extent did the Enlightenment have
global effects?
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Enlightened Despots

• Is this term an oxymoron?

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Frederick II Essay on Forms of Government

• Rulers should always remind themselves that
  they are men like the least of their subjects.
  The sovereign is the foremost judge, general,
  financier, and minister of his country, not
  merely for the sake of his prestige. Therefore,
  he should perform with care the duties connected
  with these offices. He is merely the principal
  servant of the State. Hence, he must act with
  honesty, wisdom, and complete disinterestedness
  in such a way that he can render an account of
  his stewardship to the citizens at any moment.
  Consequently, he is guilty if he wastes the money
  of the people, the taxes which they have paid, in
  luxury, pomp and debauchery. He who should
  improve the morals of the people, be the guardian
  of the law, and improve their education should
  not pervert them by his bad example.

Social studies school service
Fordham.edu
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Catherine the Great(ruled 17621796)

• 13. What is the true End of Monarchy? Not to
  deprive People of their natural Liberty but to
  correct their actions, in order to attain the
  supreme Good.
• 33. The Laws ought to be so framed, as to secure
  the Safety of every Citizen as much as possible.
• 34. The Equality of the Citizens consists in
  this that they should all be subject to the same
  Laws.

Fordham.edu Social studies school service
Draft of a Russian law code by Catherine in 1767
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Q Based on what we have learned about Catherine
the Great, do you believe she was truly
enlightened?
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Joseph II (ruled 17651790)

• Ruled as coregent with his mother until 1780
• Josephs reforms
• Religious toleration
• Control over the Catholic Church
• Abolition of serfdom

Social studies school service
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Japan

• CLOSED COUNTRY EDICT OF 1635
• 1. Japanese ships are strictly forbidden to leave
  for foreign countries. 2. No Japanese is
  permitted to go abroad. If there is anyone who
  attempts to do so secretly, he must be executed.
  The ship so involved must be impounded and its
  owner arrested, and the matter must be reported
  to the higher authority. 3. If any Japanese
  returns from overseas after residing there, he
  must be put to death. 4. If there is any place
  where the teachings of the Catholic priests is
  practiced, the two of you must order a thorough
  investigation. 5. Any informer revealing the
  whereabouts of the followers of the priests must
  be rewarded accordingly. If anyone reveals the
  whereabouts of a high ranking priest, he must be
  given one hundred pieces of-silver. For those of
  lower ranks, depending on the deed, the reward
  must be set accordingly. 6. If a foreign ship
  has an objection (to the measures adopted) and it
  becomes necessary to report the matter to Edo,1
  you may ask the Omura2 domain to provide ships to
  guard the foreign ship. . . . 7. If there are
  any Southern Barbarians3 who propagate the
  teachings of the priests, or otherwise commit
  crimes, they may be incarcerated in the prison. .
  . .8. All incoming ships must be carefully
  searched for the followers of the priests.

Wfu.edu
35
The Western Influence on Japan

• Western ideas penetrated Japan via the Dutch
  despite the Tokugawa policy of isolationism.
• Except for books on Christianity, a ban on
  western books was removed in 1720.
• In 1736 the importation and translation of Dutch
  literature on astronomy were ordered by the
  shogun Yoshimune Tokugawa.
• There were translations of western books on
  physics, chemistry, mathematics, geography,
  navigation and military tactics.

http//coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/APM/TXT/low-m
-02-96.html
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A Chinese account of the West

• Hsieh Ch 'ing kao (1765-1822) was illiterate and
  went blind during the course of his travels. Thus
  the places he had seen were deeply etched in his
  memory. Toward the end of his life, he dictated
  his account to one of the local schoolboys. While
  it is possible that he traveled to America, as
  his excerpt suggests, it is more likely that he
  heard tales of the invention of the steamship
  rather than saw.
• (Portugal) "Religion plays a dominant part in the
  lives of these people. Whenever anyone would
  commit a crime, he would go to the priest in the
  church and confess his sins and repent, after
  which he would be absolved by the priest. The
  priest is strictly forbidden to tell others what
  he has heard he would be hanged if he did so.
  When a king ascends the throne, he does not take
  a new reign title, but follows the Christian
  calendar. There are also womenfolk who withdraw
  from the world and live apart in convents.
• (America) is a small isolated island in the
  middle of the ocean. It could be reached by
  sailing west for about ten days from England.
  Formerly it was part of England but now is an
  independent country, although the customs and
  practices of the two countries still remain
  alike.

Q Why is it likely that Hsieh had not visited
America?
http//academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/core9/phalsall/t
exts/hai-lu.html
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Africa

• Olaudah Equiano, an Ibo from Nigeria, was just 11
  years old when he was kidnapped into slavery. He
  was held captive in West Africa for seven months
  and then sold to British slavers, who shipped him
  to Barbados and then took him to Virginia. After
  serving a British naval officer, he was sold to a
  Quaker merchant from Philadelphia who allowed him
  to purchase his freedom in 1766. In later life,
  he played an active role in the movement to
  abolish the slave trade.
• My father, besides many slaves, had a numerous
  family, of which seven lived to grow up,
  including myself and a sister, who was the only
  daughter. As I was the youngest of the sons, I
  became, of course, the greatest favorite of my
  mother, and was always with her and she used to
  take particular pains to form my mind. I was
  trained up from my earliest years in the arts of
  agriculture and war and my mother adorned me
  with emblems, after the manner of our greatest
  warriors. In this way I grew up till I was turned
  the age of eleven, when an end was put to my
  happiness in the following manner--Generally,
  when the grown people in the neighborhood were
  gone far in the fields to labor, the children
  assembled together in some of the neighborhood's
  premises to play and commonly some of us used to
  get up a tree to look out for any assailant, or
  kidnapper, that might come upon us for they
  sometimes took those opportunities of our
  parents' absence, to attack and carry off as many
  as they could seize.

Newsreel.org
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Diagram of the slave ship Brooks
http//www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/
storyofafrica/9chapter5.shtml
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TRIANGLE TRADE
http//beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/students/his3487
/lembrich/seminar52.html
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THE MIDDLE PASSAGE

• http//beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/students/his3487
  /lembrich/seminar53.html

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The Plight of Africans is revealed to the West

• http//courses.wcupa.edu/wanko/LIT400/Africa/Equia
  no.htm

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How were women affected by the Enlightenment?
43

• On Julie de Lespinasse
• From Memoir of Baron de Grimm
• Her circle met daily from five o'clock until nine
  in the evening. There we were sure to find choice
  men of all orders in the State, the Church, the
  Court,-military men, foreigners, and the most
  distinguished men of letters. Every one agrees
  that though the name of M. d'Alembert may have
  drawn them thither, it was she alone who kept
  them there. Devoted wholly to the care of
  preserving that society, of which she was the
  soul and the charm, she subordinated to this
  purpose all her tastes and all her personal
  intimaciesPolitics, religion, philosophy,
  anecdotes, news, nothing was excluded from the
  conversation, and, thanks to her care, the most
  trivial little narrative gained, as naturally as
  possible, the place and notice it deserved. News
  of all kinds was gathered there in its first
  freshness.

http//www.sscnet.ucla.edu/classes/cluster21/wiki/
index.pl?SalonLife
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MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT

• It would be an endless task to trace the
  variety of meannesses, cares, and sorrows, into
  which women are plunged by the prevailing
  opinion, that they were created rather to feel
  than reason, and that all the power they obtain,
  must be obtained by their charms and weakness

http//www.bartleby.com/144/
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Kaibara Ekken or Kaibara Token Greater Learning
for Women in Japan (1762)

• More precious in a woman is a virtuous heart than
  a face of beauty. The vicious woman's heart is
  ever excited she glares wildly around her, she
  vents her anger on others, her words are harsh
  and her accent vulgar. When she speaks it is to
  set herself above others, to upbraid others, to
  envy others, to be puffed up with individual
  pride, to jeer at others, to outdo others,--all
  things at variance with the "way" in which a
  woman should walk. The only qualities that befit
  a woman are gentle obedience, chastity, mercy,
  and quietness.

Fordham.edu
46
Which areas of the world were affected by the
ideas of the Enlightenment?