Objective 3 Interdependence of Living Things

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Objective 3 Interdependence of Living Things

• Review of Ecology
• Bacteria, Viruses
• And Mans Effects on the Environment

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Food chains and Food Webs

• When facing food chain and food web questions,
  pay attention to the direction of the arrows.
• The energy from eating goes in the direction of
  the arrow at a rate of 10 moves to the next
  animal.
• Producers are always plants, they are called
  autotrophs meaning self feeding. They make food
  by photosynthesis.

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Lets look at an example question
Producer 1st order 2nd order 3rd order

• 8 In this diagram of a marine food web, which
  term describes the sea turtles?
• A Aquatic herbivores
• B Autotrophic producers
• C Third-level consumers
• D Primary decomposers

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What do you need to know? What lives in a
digestive system to help digestion?

• 4 Cows and other ruminants are herbivorous
  animals. Their diet includes cellulose, which
  must be fermented before it can be digested.
  Which of these aid in the fermentation of
  cellulose in a cows digestive system?
• F Bacteria
• G Fungi
• H Algae
• J Viruses

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What are they looking for, look at the answers!
3 of the answers deal with ancestors, so that is
probably what they want.

• 53 Birds and reptiles are similar in that they
  are vertebrates and lay eggs. They differ in that
  reptiles have teeth and birds have beaks. Some
  birds do possess teeth. However, these teeth are
  present only in the embryonic stage. Which
  conclusion is best supported by the presence of
  teeth in bird embryos?
• A Birds and reptiles share a common ancestor.
• B Modern reptiles are the ancestors of modern
  birds.
• C Birds and reptiles eat similar types of food.
• D Ancestors of reptiles had beaks similar to
• those of birds.

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What can a plant do to protect itself during low
rain times? It cant move away, so it stops as
much evaporation as it can.

• 55 Plant leaves have a waxy covering called a
  cuticle. When some plants are stressed by lack of
  water, their cuticle increases in thickness. What
  does this action demonstrate?
• A Alternation of generations in plants
• B Structural response to the environment
• C Differentiation of vascular tissue in plants
• D Genetic mutation induced by the environment

Low rain is a change in environment, so not A or
C! Also, the cuticle is a structure, so it
already has genes to make it.
7
To kill the insects, then the bacteria must be
where the insects will eat them. . . .

• 2 The bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis produce
  protein crystals that are toxic to the digestive
  system of insects. How can these bacteria be used
  to control insects in crops?
• F Apply the bacteria to growing plants.
• G Expose the bacteria to low levels of light.
• H Remove plants from areas containing the
• bacteria.
• J Treat the bacteria with a solution of the
• protein crystals.

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• 13 The diagram shows several phases of the
  nitrogen cycle. Which of the following describes
  the most likely effect of removing some plants
  from the area by using chemical herbicides?
• A The rate of erosion of rocks on the ground
  would be slowed.
• B The flow of necessary nutrients would be
  disrupted.
• C The ability of plants to complete
  photosynthesis would be increased.
• D The infiltration of water into the ground
  would be halted.

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The 3 types of symbiotic relationships involve
who helps who Parasite, one helped one hurt
Commensalism, one helped and no effect on the
other Mutualism, both helped.

• 34 Which of these is the best example of a
  mutualistic relationship in an aquatic
  environment?
• F Some fish can survive repeated infections by
  harmful bacteria.
• G Some fish have bacteria living in their
  digestive tract that help the fish digest food.
• H Some bacteria are present in aquatic food
  chains in which fish are secondary consumers.
• J Some bacteria are aquatic decomposers that
  recycle nutrients useful to fish.

The bacteria helped, fish hurt parasatism.
Only the bacteria helped commensalism.
Only the bacteria helped commensalism.
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Again, what kind of relationship?

• 42 Which of these best describes the relationship
  between epiphytes and trees?
• F Parasitism
• G Migration
• H Commensalism
• J Predation

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• 37 The table above shows percent differences in
  cytochrome c in four different animals. According
  to the table, which two animals are most closely
  related to each other?
• A Horse and dog
• B Dog and kangaroo
• C Horse and penguin
• D Penguin and kangaroo

Look for the lowest differences to find the
most closely related!!
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Be sure to review Objective 3 Vocabulary prior to
the test.

• Angiosperm
• Antibiotic
• Autotroph
• Biomass
• Biome
• Biosphere
• Biotic
• Capsid
• Carnivore
• Commensalism
• Community
• Consumer
• Convergent evolution
• Cuticle
• Deciduous
• Decomposer

• Dicot
• Divergent evolution
• Diversity
• Ecosystem
• Evergreen
• Evolution
• Food chain
• Food web
• Fossil
• Gametes
• Gene
• Genetics
• Greenhouse effect
• Gymnosperm
• Habitat
• Herbivore

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More Objective 3 Vocabulary

• Heterotroph
• Heterozygous
• Hierarchy
• Homologous chromosomes
• Monocot
• Mutation
• Mutualism
• Niche
• Nitrogen cycle
• Nonvascular
• Omnivore
• Oxygen cycle
• Parasitism
• Pathogen

• Plankton
• Population
• Producer
• Protist
• Reproductive flower parts
• Retrovirus
• Root cap
• Saprophyte
• Stomata
• Succession
• Symbiosis
• Vaccine
• Virus
• Water cycle