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1
Liberal and nationalist uprisings challenge the
old conservative order of Europe.
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2
Europe Faces Revolutions
Clash of Philosophies
Three Philosophies In early 1800s, three
schools of political thought conflict in
Europe Conservativelandowners, nobles want
traditional monarchies Liberalwealthy
merchants, business owners want limited
democracy Radicalbelieve in liberty, equality
want everyone to have a vote
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3
Nationalism Develops
Nationalism and Nation-States Nationalismloyalt
y to nation of people with common culture,
history Nation-statenation with its own
independent government In 1815 Europe, only
France, England, and Spain are
nation-states Liberals and radicals support
nationalism conservatives do not
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4
Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power
Greeks Gain Independence Balkansregion of
Europe controlled by Ottomans in early
1800s Greece gets European help to gain
independence from Turks
1830s Uprisings Crushed Belgian, Italian,
Polish liberals and nationalists launch
revolts By the mid-1830s, conservatives are
back in control
1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite Ethnic uprisings
in Europe, especially in the Austrian
empire Liberals hold power for short time,
lose to conservatives by 1849
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5
Radicals Change France
Conservative Defeat In 1830, Frances Charles X
fails to restore absolute monarchy
The Third Republic In 1848, Paris mob
overthrows monarchy, sets up republic Radicals
split by infighting moderates control new
government 1848 constitution calls for
elected president and parliament
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France Accepts a Strong Ruler Louis-NapoleonNap
oleons nephewelected president Later takes
the title of emperor, promotes industrialization
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Reform in Russia
Serfdom in Russia Czars fail to free serfs
because they fear losing landowners support
Defeat Brings Change Russias lack of
industrialization leads to military defeat in
Crimean War Alexander IIczar who determines to
make social and economic changes
Reform and Reaction In 1861, czar frees serfs,
but debt keeps them on the same land Reform
halts when Alexander is assassinated by
terrorists in 1881 Driven by nationalism,
Alexander III encourages industrialization
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7
Nationalism contributes to the formation of two
new nations and a new political order in Europe.
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Nationalism
CASE STUDY Italy and Germany
Nationalism A Force for Unity or Disunity
Two Views of Nationalism Nationalists use their
common bonds to build nation- states Rulers
eventually use nationalism to unify their
subjects - Three different types of
nationalist movements - unification merges
culturally similar lands - separation splits off
culturally distinct groups - state-building
binds separate cultures into one
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Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
The Breakup of the Austrian Empire Austria
includes people from many ethnic groups 1866
defeat forces emperor to split empire into
Austria and Hungary - still ruled by emperor
Map
The Russian Empire Crumbles After 370 years,
Russian czars begin losing control over
empire Russificationforcing other peoples to
adopt Russian culture - policy further
disunites Russia, strengthens ethnic
nationalism
Continued . . .
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10
continued Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
The Ottoman Empire Weakens Internal tensions
among ethnic groups weakens empire Rulers
grant citizenship to all groups, outraging
Turks
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Cavour Unites Italy
Cavour Leads Italian Unification Camillo di
Cavourprime minister of kingdom of Sardinia in
1852 Gets French help to win control of
Austrian- controlled Italian land
Interactive
Garibaldi Brings Unity Giuseppe Garibaldileads
nationalists who conquer southern
Italy Cavour convinces Garibaldi to unite
southern Italy and Sardinia Garibaldi steps
aside, allowing king of Sardinia to
rule Control of Venetia, Papal States finally
unites Italy
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12
Bismarck Unites Germany
Prussia Leads German Unification Prussia has
advantages that help it unify Germany - mainly
German population - powerful army - creation
of liberal constitution
Continued . . .
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13
continued Bismarck Unites Germany
Bismarck Takes Control Junkersconservative
wealthy landowners support Prussian Wilhelm I
Junker realpolitik master Otto von Bismarck
becomes prime minister Realpolitikpower
politics without room for idealism Bismarck
defies Prussian parliament
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Prussia Expands Prussia and Austria fight
Denmark, gain two provinces Quick victory
makes other German nations respect Prussia
Continued . . .
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continued Bismarck Unites Germany
Seven Weeks War Bismarck creates border
dispute with Austria to provoke war Prussia
seizes Austrian territory, northern
Germany Eastern and western parts of Prussian
kingdom joined for first time
The Franco-Prussian War Bismarck provokes war
with France to unite all Germans Wilhelm is
crowned kaiseremperor of a united Germanyat
Versailles Bismarck creates a Germany united
under Prussian dominance
Interactive
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A Shift in Power
Balance Is Lost In 1815 the Congress of Vienna
established five powers in Europe - Austria,
Prussia, Britain, France, and Russia By 1871,
Britain and Prussia (now Germany) have gained
much power Austria and Russia are weaker
militarily and economically
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16
Transformations Around the Globe, 18001914
China and Japan respond differently to the
European powers. The United States influences
Latin America, and Mexico undergoes a revolution.
Theodore RooseveltRough Rider and veteran of
the SpanishAmerican War.
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Transformations Around the Globe, 18001914
SECTION 1
China Resists Outside Influence
SECTION 2
Modernization in Japan
U.S. Economic Imperialism
SECTION 3
Turmoil and Change in Mexico
SECTION 4
Chart
Map
Chart
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Western economic pressure forces China to open to
foreign trade and influence.
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China Resists Outside Influence
China and the West
Rejecting Western Goods In 1793, China rejects
gifts brought by British ambassador China is
strong politically because it is largely
self- sufficient - agriculture, mining,
manufacturing sectors highly productive
The Tea-Opium Connection Guangzhou, southern
port, is only port open to foreign
trade China earns more from its exports than it
spends on imports British smuggle opium (late
1700s) many Chinese become addicted
Continued . . .
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continued China and the West
War Breaks Out In 1839, Opium War eruptsfight
caused by opium trade China loses the war to
more modern British navy Treaty of Nanjing
(1842) gives British control of Hong Kong In
1844, other nations win extraterritorial
rights Rights mean foreigners exempt from laws
at Guangzhou, other ports
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Growing Internal Problems
Population Problems Chinas population booms
from 1790 to 1850 Crop yields do not grow as
fast, producing widespread hunger, unrest
The Taiping Rebellion In late 1830s, Hong
Xiuquan recruits followers to build new
China Taiping Rebellionname given Hongs
movement taipinggreat peace In 1850s,
Hongs army grows large, captures large areas
in southeast By 1864, rebellion defeated by
internal fighting, outside attack
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Foreign Influence Grows
Resistance to Change Dowager Empress Cixi rules
China most years from 1862 to 1908 Supports
reforms aimed at education, government,
military Otherwise prefers traditional ways
Other Nations Step In China suffers attacks
from other nations forced to grant more
rights Europeans, Japan gain spheres of
influence areas of economic control U.S.
declares Open Door Policy (1899) - Chinese trade
open to all nations
Map
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An Upsurge in Chinese Nationalism
Growing Dissension Many Chinese resent growing
power of outsiders, press for change In 1898,
Emperor Guangxu enacts reforms Cixi, restored,
ends them
The Boxer Rebellion Anti-government,
anti-European peasants form secret
organization In 1900, they launch Boxer
Rebelliontheir campaign for reforms Rebels
take Beijing, but foreign army defeats them,
ending rebellion Though rebellion fails,
Chinese nationalism surges
Image
Continued . . .
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continued An Upsurge in Chinese Nationalism
The Beginnings of Reform Cixi and other
conservatives recognize necessity of
reform In 1905, she sends officials abroad to
study other governments In 1906, Cixi begins
making reforms but they move slowly Unrest
continues for four more decades
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The United States places increasing economic and
political pressure on Latin America during the
19th century.
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U.S. Economic Imperialism
Latin America After Independence
Colonial Legacy Political gains mean little to
desperately poor Latin Americans Peonage
system keeps peasants in debt landowners grow
wealthy
Political Instability Caudillosmilitary
dictatorsgain and hold power, backed by
military By the mid-1800s, caudillos rule in
most Latin American countries Reformers
sometimes gain office, but eventually are
forced out Wealthy landowners support
caudillos poor people have few rights
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Economies Grow Under Foreign Influence
Old Products and New Markets Economies depend
on exporting one or two products Trains and
refrigeration increase demand for Latin
American foods Latin Americans import
manufactured goods industrialization lags
Outside Investment and Interference These
countries build few schools, roads,
hospitals Governments forced to borrow money
from other countries Loans not repaid
properties repossessed foreign control
increases
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A Latin American Empire
The Monroe Doctrine Newly independent countries
of the Americas are insecure In 1823, U.S.
issues Monroe DoctrineEurope cannot colonize
Americas
Cuba Declares Independence In 1895, José
MartíCuban writerlaunches war for Cuban
independence U.S. fights to help Cuba in 1898,
leading to Spanish-American War In 1901, Cuba
nominally independent U.S. has significant
control After war, Spain gives U.S. Puerto
Rico, Guam, the Philippines
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Map
Continued . . .
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continued A Latin American Empire
Connecting the Oceans U.S. wants faster way of
going from east to west coast by
ship President Roosevelt backs idea of building
canal across Panama Colombia rejects
Roosevelts 10 million canal offer In 1903,
Panama gains independence from Colombia with
U.S. help Panama gives land to U.S. to build
canal U.S. builds Panama Canalwaterway
connecting Atlantic and Pacific
Map
Image
Continued . . .
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continued A Latin American Empire
The Roosevelt Corollary U.S. bolsters its
influence in Latin America through many
avenues Many U.S. business investments in Cuba,
other countries In 1904, Roosevelt issues
update of Monroe Doctrine Roosevelt
CorollaryU.S. can be police power in the
Americas U.S. uses corollary to justify
repeated military interventions
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