The Roaring Twenties

1
The Roaring Twenties

• Unit VIIIA
• AP United States History

2
Fundamental Questions

• Did the Roaring Twenties continue the Progressive
  Era reforms?

3
Election of 1920

• Warren G. Harding (R)
• A Return to Normalcy
• James M. Cox (D)
• Eugene V. Debs (Socialist)
• Received 913,664 votes despite incarceration

4
Warren G. Harding (R) (1921-1923)

• A Return to Normalcy.
• Emergency Quota Act (1921)
• Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922)
• Washington Naval Conference (1922-1923)
• Teapot Dome Scandal
• Harding died in office
• Calvin Coolidge assumed presidency

5
Election of 1924

• Calvin Coolidge (R)
• Booming economy and conservatism
• John W. Davis (D)
• Democrats split between conservatives and
  liberals (LaFollette)

6
Calvin Coolidge (R) (1923-1928)

• The business of the American people is
  business.
• National Origins Act (1924)
• Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

7
Election of 1928

• Herbert Hoover (R)
• Al Smith (D)
• First Catholic major party candidate

8
Herbert Hoover (R) (1929-1933)

• Given the chance to go forward with the policies
  of the last eight years, we shall soon be in
  sight of the day when poverty will be banished
  from this nation.
• Great Depression
• Voluntarism
• Stock Market Crash of 1929
• Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (1930)
• Reconstruction Finance Corporation (1932)
• Bonus Army (1932)

9
American Consumer Society

• Welfare Capitalism
• Real income increases
• Higher rate for owners, managers, skilled labor
• Minimal increased rates for unskilled labor and
  working class
• Insurance, profit-sharing, worker safety
• Decreased influence of unions
• Mass Production
• Wide variety and availability of consumer
  products at affordable prices
• Model T
• Domestic appliances
• Installment Plans
• Impact of the Automobile

10
Consumer Ads
11
1920s SocietyBlacks

• White Resentment
• Lynchings increased especially in the South
• Universal Negro Improvement Association
• Marcus Garvey
• Economic solidarity and advancement for blacks
• Failed attempt of mass migration to Africa
• Inspired black pride and nationalism

12
1920s SocietyImmigrants

• First Red Scare and Nativism
• Quota Laws
• Emergency Quota Act (1921)
• 3 of 1910 Census
• National Origins Act (1924)
• 2 of 1890 Census
• Sacco and Vanzetti Trial (1920-1927)
• Two Italian immigrants executed for murder
  despite little evidence

13
1920s SocietyWomen

• Nineteenth Amendment and Voting
• Usually voted as husbands
• Politicians catered to female-friendly
  legislation and programs
• Employment
• Clerical, teachers, nurses, domestic servants
• Lower wages and no managerial positions
• Margaret Sanger
• American Birth Control League
• Established Planned Parenthood
• Flapper Girl
• Young women of the Jazz Age
• Short hair, short hemline, cosmetics, cigarette

14
1920s Culture WarsProhibition

• Eighteenth Amendment and Volsteadt Act
• Supported by middle-class progressives and rural
  Protestants especially in South and West
• Generally ignored in urban centers
• Bootleggers/Rumrunners
• Smuggling of alcohol
• Rise of organized crime
• Al Capone
• Speakeasies
• Underground saloons

15
1920s Culture WarsKu Klux Klan
16
1920s Culture WarsReligion

• Fundamentalism
• Literal view of Bible Creationism
• Attacked urban lifestyle and culture
• Revivalists
• Billy Sunday
• Aimee Semple McPherson
• Modernism
• Liberal view of religion
• Acceptance and coordination of science and
  context with faith
• Scopes Monkey Trial (1925)
• Law against teaching of evolution in Tennessee
  public school
• Creationism
• William Jennings Bryan
• Evolution
• Clarence Darrow

17
1920s Culture WarsHero Worship

• Athletes, celebrities, innovators famed for
  individual accomplishment
• A personification of American individualism
• Babe Ruth
• Charles Lindbergh
• Fueled tabloid and gossip columns in newspapers
  and magazines

18
1920s Culture WarsThe Jazz Age

• Inspiration of rebellious youth and liberal
  reaction to conservatism and fundamentalism
• Song and Dance
• Jazz
• Louis Armstrong
• George Gershwin
• Speakeasies
• Dance Clubs
• Waltz to Foxtrot to Charleston
• Josephine Baker
• Flappers
• Radio
• Mainstream medium
• Networks NBC, CBS
• Cinema
• Talkies
• The Jazz Singer
• Nickelodeons
• Charlie Chaplin

19
1920s Culture WarsLiterature

• The Lost Generation
• Disillusioned by World War I, consumerism, and
  modernism
• Ernest Hemingway
• The Sun Also Rises
• A Farewell to Arms
• Sinclair Lewis
• Babbitt
• F. Scott Fitzgerald
• The Great Gatsby

20
1920s Culture WarsHarlem Renaissance

• Fueled by the Great Migration and inspired by
  black pride
• Themes challenged racist stereotypes
• Black is beautiful
• Langston Hughes
• Zora Neale Hurston
• The New Negro An Interpretation (1925)