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Psychology Chapter 1

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Title: Psychology Chapter 1


1
PsychologyChapter 1
  • Why study psychology

2
Objectives section 1
  • Identify the goals of psychology and explain how
    psychology is a science.

3
A Day in the Life
  • Read page 3 for class discussion
  • In-class assignment
  • Write the 18 vocabulary words on page 3
  • Due when timer goes off. (25 minutes)

4
What is Psychology?
  • Sec 1

5
Why study Psychology?
  • To understand yourself, and others
  • To learn about feelings, thoughts, and stress
  • To learn why people behave the way they do

6
The goals of psychology
  • To observe and describe behavior and mental
    processes and to better understand them
  • To be able to explain, predict, and control
    behavior

7
What are behaviors?
  • Actions that you can observe.
  • Actions you can control
  • Actions you can not control

8
Controllable Behaviors
  • Walking
  • Talking
  • Eating
  • Drinking
  • Dancing

9
Non-controllable Behaviors
  • Heart rate
  • Blood pressure
  • Digestion
  • Brain activity

10
Emotions affect behavior and mental (cognitive)
processes
  • Sleeplessness
  • Anger
  • Depression
  • A faster heart rate
  • Restlessness
  • Cause stress
  • Performance

11
Mental Processes
  • Cognitive Activity
  • Dreams
  • Perception
  • Thoughts
  • Memories

12
Examples
  • Performance anxiety
  • Place Kicker
  • Last chance to win game
  • Misses field goal
  • Test anxiety
  • Placement test for college
  • Stress to score high

13
In both examples psychologists could teach them
ways to deal with anxiety
  • How do you cope with your anxieties?
  • Visualization
  • Breathing exercises

14
Psychology as a Natural Science
  • Social Sciences
  • History
  • Anthropology
  • Economics
  • Political science
  • Sociology
  • Psychology
  • These deal with the structure of the human
    society and the nature of the individuals

15
Psychology focuses on the behavior and mental
processes of the individual
  • The working of the brain and total human body
  • Biology
  • Chemistry
  • Physics

16
Psychology uses the same scientific method
  • Conducting experiments, collection and analyzing
    data and drawing conclusions
  • Widely used research methods
  • Surveys- collecting data involves asking
    questions of a particular group
  • Experiments- research usually done in a lab

17
Psychological Theories
  • Organized ideas about behavior and mental
    processes
  • Theory
  • Is a statement that attempts to explain why
    things are the way they are and happen the way
    they do

18
Psychological theories discuss principles that
govern behavior and mental processes.
  • Such as
  • Behavior (sleeping, aggression)
  • Mental processes ( memories, mental images)
  • Biological ( effect of chemicals in the brain)
  • These theories help psychologist predict behavior
    and mental processes

19
In-class assignment
  • Answer the Three questions on page 6

20
What do Psychologists do?
  • Sec 2

21
Objective section 2
  • Describe the work done by psychologists according
    to their areas of specialization.

22
Break into a group of 2You will need to know
the different specializations in Psychology for
your test.
  • complete the graphic organizer Handout
  • Psychologist s specializations in Psychology
  • This is a in-class assignment due when the timer
    goes off.

23
History of Psychology
  • Sec 3

24
Objective section 3
  • Explain the historical background of the study of
    psychology

25
Roots of psychology
  • Ancient Greece ( 428-347)
  • Plato Student of Socrates
  • Know thy self
  • Examine your own thoughts and feelings
  • Aristotle
  • About the mind (scientific approach)
  • Ancient Greece believed the Gods got mad
  • and punished people

26
Middle ages / Mental illness
  • Possession by demons
  • Punished for sins and making deals with the
    devils or witches
  • Test
  • Water float test
  • Float found guilty and executed
  • Sink and drown found to be innocence

27
Scientific approach lead to the Birth of Modern
Science
  • Sir Isaac Newton
  • John Locke
  • 1800s first psychological labs established in
    Europe and the United States

28
Wilhelm Wundt
  • Founder of Structuralism
  • Discovering the basic elements of conscious
    experience
  • 2 separate categories
  • Objective- sight and taste reflect the outside
    world
  • Subjective- thoughts, emotional responses and
    mental images
  • Ex What an apple tastes and feels like to bite
    it

29
William James
  • Founder of Functionalism
  • Experience can not be broken down it is
    continuous
  • Wrote first Modern day Psychology Book
  • The Principles of Psychology
  • Mental processes help organisms adapt to their
    environment

30
Differences
  • Structuralism
  • Relied only on introspection
  • What are the elements (structures) of
    Psychological processes?

31
differences
  • Functionalism
  • Includes behavior, observation in the laboratory
    and introspection
  • What are the purposes (functions) of behavior and
    mental processes?
  • Adaptive behavior are habits learned and
    maintained because they are successful
  • Studying leads to good grades
  • Learning to read and write

32
John WatsonFounder of Behaviorism
  • Behaviorism
  • Scientific study of observable behavior
  • unscientific to study conscious
  • Conscious is a private event know only to the
    individual.
  • Psychology is a science- limited to observable,
    measurable events which are behavior.

33
B. F. SkinnerBehavior reinforcement
  • Reinforcement or rewarding
  • Learn by being rewarded (repeat of behavior)
  • Used in animals and humans a like

34
The Gestalt School
  • Based on the idea that perceptions are more than
    the sums of their parts
  • Perceptions are wholes that give shape or meaning
    to the parts
  • Learning (problem solving) is accomplished by
    insight, not mechanical repetition.
  • Insight is the reorganization of perceptions that
    enables a person to solve a problem.

35
Kenneth Clark
  • Black Psychologist
  • Studied negative effect of segregation on the
    self esteem of African American Children
  • White dolls
  • pretty and good
  • Brown dolls
  • ugly and bad
  • Proved the negative effects of a racist society
    on the young mind of children

36
Sigmund Freud
  • Founder of psychoanalysis
  • Emphasizes the importance of the unconscious
    motives and internal conflicts in determining
    human behavior
  • First to bring out the couch

37
continued
  • People are driven by hidden impulse, verbal slips
    and the belief that dreams represent their
    unconscious wishes.
  • Believed that the sexual and aggressive urges are
    more important than conscious experience in
    governing peoples behavior and feelings

38
In-Class assigenment
  • Answer the Questions on page17

39
Contemporary Perspectives
  • Section 4

40
Objective section 4
  • Describe the 6 main contemporary perspectives in
    psychology.

41
Today Psychologists do not describe themselves as
Structuralists or Functionalist
  • Contemporary Perspectives

42
Biological Perspective
  • Study the influence of biology on our behavior
  • the influences of hormones and genes
  • Personality, intellect, and artistic talent
  • Looks for connection between events in the brain
    (brain cell activity) and behavior

43
Techniques Used
  • CAT (Computed Axial Tomography)
  • Computer generates 3 dimensional image
  • PET (Position Emission Tomography)
  • Measures abnormal molecular cell activity

44
Cognitive Perspective
  • Role thoughts play in determining behavior
  • Rooted in Socrates (Know thy self)
  • Process, storage, retrieval
  • Short or long term memory
  • Peoples behavior is influenced by their values,
    their interpretations and their choices
  • Remark insult or not

45
Humanistic Perspective
  • Stresses mans capacity for self-fulfillment, the
    importance of consciousness, self awareness and
    the capacity to make choices
  • Consciousness- the force that shapes peoples
    personalities
  • Personal experiences most important

46
Continued..
  • Self-awareness, experience and choice permit us
    to Invent ourselves
  • View people basically good and helpful
  • Help people to get in touch with their feelings,
    manage their negative impulses and realize their
    potential

47
Psychoanalytic Perspective
  • Rooted in Freuds theories
  • Influences of the unconscious on human behavior
  • People driven by the Unconscious sexual and
    aggressive impulse
  • Still feel the impact of Freud in current
    psychology

48
Learning Perspective
  • Emphasizes the effect of experience on behavior
  • Learning is the essential factor in observing,
    describing, explaining, predicting, and
    controlling behavior

49
Social learning theory
  • People can change their environment or create new
    ones
  • Believe that people learn by direct experience or
    by observing other people

50
Socio-cultural perspectiveeffects on human
behavior and mental processes
  • Addresses issues of ethnicity, gender, culture
    and socio-economic status
  • These have a significant impact on human behavior
    and mental processes
  • Bilingualism
  • Prejudice
  • Ethnic differences ( physical and psychological)
  • Multicultural issues ( Psychotherapy and
    treatment)
  • Prejudice
  • Gender
  • Roles, careers, education

51
In-Class Assignment
  • Answer the questions on page 21

52
The End
  • Study your notes, movie sheet, and vocabulary for
    the test.
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