Small Animal Pelvis and Hind Limb

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Small Animal Pelvis and Hind Limb

• Radiology

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Pelvis

• Lateral view
• Patient is in lateral recumbency with side of
  interest closest to cassette.
• Femurs should be kept parallel to cassette.
• Leg closest to cassette should be pulled slightly
  cranial and leg on top should be pulled slightly
  caudal.
• View should include entire pelvis and portion of
  lumbar spine and femurs.
• Pelvis should be centered on cassette.

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Normal Pelvis Lateral View
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Dye view
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Pelvis

• Ventrodorsal view
• Frog Leg projection
• Suitable when pelvic trauma is suspected.
• Minimal stress and tension are placed on the
  pelvis and hip joints in this projection.
• Patient is in dorsal recumbency and pelvic limbs
  can assume a normal, flexed position.
• Limbs should be positioned identically.

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Frog Leg projection
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Pelvis

• Ventrodorsal View
• Extended Projection
• Standard for evaluating hip joints for hip
  dysplasia.
• Symmetry and precision is vital for this view.
• Sedation is generally required (OFA
  certification).
• Patient is in dorsal recumbency.
• Tarsal joints are grasped firmly and rotated in
  to one another.

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Positioning continued

• 1. Femurs are parallel to each other
• 2. Both patellae are centered between the
  femoral condyles.
• 3. Pelvis is without rotation the obturator
  foramens, hip joints, hemipelvises, and
  sacroiliac joints appear as a mirror image.
• 4. The tail is secured with tape (if necessary)
  between the femurs.
• 5. Field of view includes pelvis, femurs, and
  stifle joints.

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Positioning for extended view
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Distracted or PennHIP method

• Refers to a specific diagnostic technique of hip
  laxity information.
• More reliable indication of hip laxity than
  extended view.
• Stress radiographic procedure with 3 views
  (compression, standard extended, and distraction
  view).
• To perform this method, veterinarian or
  technician must be certified.

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Compressed view
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Distracted Positioning View
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Femur

• Lateral view
• Patient is in lateral recumbency with affected
  limb closest to cassette.
• Opposite limb is abducted and rotated out of line
  of the x-ray beam.
• Should include hip joint, femur, and stifle
  joint.

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Femur
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Femur

• Craniocaudal View
• Patient is in dorsal recumbency with limb of
  interest extended caudally.
• Proper alignment has patella between two femoral
  condyles.
• View should include hip joint, femur, and stifle
  joint.

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Stifle Joint

• Caudocranial View
• Positioned in sternal recumbency with affected
  limb pulled into position of maximum extension.
• Opposite limb may be elevated to help control the
  lateral rotation of the stifle joint under
  examination.
• May also do craniocaudal view.

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Stifle

• Lateral View
• Patient is placed in lateral recumbency with
  affected joint placed and centered on the
  cassette.
• Stifle joint should be in a natural, slightly
  flexed position.

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Stifle
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Stifle Joint

• Skyline Projection of Patella (Sunrise View)
• Demonstrates changes that can occur to patella
  and femoral trochlear groove.
• Patient is in lateral recumbency with the
  opposite limb down on the table.
• Affected limb should be in a fully flexed
  position.
• Cassette is placed behind stifle joint,
  vertically, and a horizontal x-ray beam is
  centered to the patella.

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Tibia and Fibula

• Lateral View
• Patient is in lateral recumbency with affected
  limb on the cassette.
• Stifle should be slightly flexed and maintained
  in true lateral position.
• Opposite limb pulled cranially or caudally out of
  x-ray beam.
• View should include stifle joint, tibia and
  fibula, and tarsal joint.

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Tibia and Fibula

• Caudocranial View
• Patient is in sternal recumbency with affected
  limb extended caudally.
• Tibia and fibula are centered on the cassette.
• Should be in true caudocranial position so that
  the patella is placed between the two femoral
  condyles.
• View should contain stifle joint, tibia and
  fibula and tarsal joints.

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Tarsus

• Lateral View
• Patient is in lateral recumbency
• Tarsus is in a natural, slightly flexed position
  and centered on the cassette.
• Tarsus must remain in true lateral postion
• Opposite leg should be pulled cranially out of
  x-ray beam.

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Tarsus

• Plantardorsal View
• Placed in sternal recumbency with affected limb
  extended as for the caudocranial view of tibia
  and fibula.
• Tarsus is centered on cassette.

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Tarsus

• Dorsoplantar View
• Placed in sternal recumbency with affected limb
  extended cranially alongside the body.

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Metatarsus-Phalanges

• Lateral View
• Patient in lateral recumbency with the affected
  metatarsus centered on the cassette.
• Opposite limb is pulled caudally or cranially out
  of view of x-ray beam.
• Joint is positioned in a natural flexed position.
• View should include tarsal joint, metatarsal and
  phalanges

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Metatarsus-Phalanges

• Dorsoplantar and Plantardorsal Views
• Positioned similarly to those of tarsus.