Building Codes

1
Building Codes
2
CONCEPTS OF BUILDING CODES

• Codes provide for
• Fire Protection
• Structural Integrity
• Health Safety
• Fire Protection for
• Life
• Property
• Performance vs. Prescriptive Codes

3
CODE STRATEGY FOR LIFE SAFETY

1. Prevention of ignition
2. Detection of fire
3. Control of fire development
4. Confinement of the effects of fire
5. Extinguishment of fire
6. Provision of refuge and/or evacuation facilities
7. Staff reaction
8. Provision of fire safety information to occupants

4
PROPERTY PROTECTION

• Though important Life safety is more important
• Whose concern is property protection?

5
CODES ARE A DESIGNERS FRIEND

• They provide a point of departure for decision
  making
• Minimum requirements to consider a building
  properly designed

6
CODES SHOULD BE USED AS TOOLS FOR DECISION MAKING

• Codes are gray
• Codes have errors in them
• Rules of thumb dont work in every situation
• Buildings are more complex than codes
• Architects, contractors, engineers, and interior
  designers are professionals

7
INHERENT FRUSTRATIONS WITH CODES AND REGULATIONS

• Codes are thick and cumbersome because we desire
  flexibility
• A uniform opinion on how to interpret codes is
  possible

8
IBC CODE PROMULGATION
9
CODE PROMULGATION

• Code Change Proposals
• Submitted by published deadline
• Proposed Changes
• Published 30 days before public hearing
• Public Hearing
• Discussion on floor
• Voting by Code Development Committee

10
OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION CONCEPTS
11
OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION CONCEPTS

• Fire loading concepts
• Amount of combustible materials
• Amount of explosive or toxic materials
• Human behavior concepts
• Number of square feet per occupant (potential for
  panic)
• Familiarity with the building or structure
• Alertness of occupants
• Mobility of occupants

12
FIRE LOADING CONCEPTS

• Amount of combustible materials
• Pounds per square foot of fire loading
• Look for relative differences amongst occupancies
• All buildings have combustible materials within
  them
• Amount of explosive or toxic materials
• Look for relative differences amongst occupancies
• Most buildings have toxic materials within them
• Many buildings have explosive materials within
  them

13
HUMAN BEHAVIOR CONCEPTS

• Number of square feet per occupant (potential for
  panic)
• Crowd behavior is the concern
• Perception of adequate safety may diminish in a
  congested environment
• Familiarity with the building or structure
• Are most of the occupants intimately familiar
  with the environment?
• Visitors tend to go out the way they came in

14
HUMAN BEHAVIOR CONCEPTS

• Alertness of occupants
• Do any of the occupants sleep in the facility?
• More a concern with a deep sleep than a cat-nap
• Mobility of occupants
• Do any of the occupants need assistance in
  egressing the building or in egressing to a safer
  area of the building?
• Does this category include individuals with
  disabilities that may require some egress
  assistance

15
OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION
16
TYPICAL GROUP CLASSIFICATIONS

• Assembly (A-1, A-2, A-3, A-4, A-5)
• Business (B)
• Educational (E)
• Factory and Industrial (F-1, F-2)
• High Hazard (H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4, H-5)
• Industrial (I-1, I-2, I-3, I-4)
• Mercantile (M)
• Residential (R-1, R-2, R-3, R-4)
• Storage (S-1, S-2)
• Utility (U)

17
TYPICAL OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION LANGUAGE

• Assembly Group A occupancy includes, among
  others, the use of a building or structure, or
  portion thereof, for

18
ASSEMBLY OCCUPANCIES

• Assembly Group A occupancy is for the gathering
  together of persons for purposes such as civic,
  social or religious functions, recreation, food
  or drink consumption or awaiting transportation.
  Any with an occupant load of less than 50 is
  accessory to another occupancy.

19
ASSEMBLY OCCUPANCY SUBCLASSIFICATIONS

• (A-1) usually with fixed seating for production
  and viewing of performing arts or motion pictures
• (A-2) for food and/or drink consumption
• (A-3) for worship, recreation or amusement and
  other uses not covered by other A
  subclassifications
• (A-4) for viewing indoor sporting events with
  spectator seating
• (A-5) for participation in or viewing outdoor
  activities

20
ASSEMBLY OCCUPANCY CONCERNS

• Amount of combustible materials
• Amount of toxic or explosive materials
• Number of square feet per occupant
• Lack of familiarity with the building

21
BUSINESS OCCUPANCIES

• Business Group B occupancy is for office,
  professional or service-type transaction,
  including storage of records and accounts

22
BUSINESS OCCUPANCY CONCERNS

• Group B concerns are minimal

23
EDUCATIONAL OCCUPANCIES

• For educational purposes through the 12th grade
  by six or more persons at any one time
• The use of a building or structure, or portion
  thereof, for educational, supervision or personal
  care services for more than five children older
  than 2 ½ years of age, shall be classified as a
  Group E occupancy.

24
EDUCATIONAL OCCUPANCY CONCERNS

• Amount of combustible materials
• Amount of toxic or explosive materials
• Number of square feet per occupant
• Lack of familiarity with the building
• Many occupants require some assistance in self
  preservation

25
FACTORY INDUSTRIAL OCCUPANCIES

• Factory Industrial Group F occupancy includes,
  among others, the use of a building or structure,
  or portion thereof, for assembling,
  disassembling, fabricating, finishing,
  manufacturing, packaging, repair or processing
  operations that are not classified as a Group H
  hazardous occupancy.

26
FACTORY INDUSTRIAL OCCUPANCY SUBCLASSIFICATIONS

• (F-1) Moderate-Hazard
• (F-2) Low-Hazard

27
FACTORY INDUSTRIAL OCCUPANCY CONCERNS

• Amount of combustible materials
• Amount of toxic or explosive materials

28
HIGH-HAZARD OCCUPANCIES

• Hazardous Group H occupancy includes, amount
  others, the use of a building or structure, or
  portion thereof, that involves the manufacturing,
  processing, generation or storage of materials
  that constitute a physical or health hazard in
  quantities in excess of those found in Tables
  307.7(1) and 307.7(2). See also definition of
  Control Area.

29
HIGH-HAZARD OCCUPANCY SUBCLASSIFICATION

• High-Hazard (H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4, H-5)

30
HIGH-HAZARD OCCUPANCY CONCERNS

• Amount of combustible materials
• Amount of toxic or explosive materials

31
INSTITUTIONAL OCCUPANCIES

• Institutional Group 1 occupancy includes, among
  others, the use of a building or structure, or
  portion thereof, in which people having physical
  limitation because of health or age are harbored
  for medical treatment or other care or treatment,
  or in which people are detained for penal or
  correctional purposes or in which the liberty of
  the occupants is restricted.

32
INSTITUTIONAL OCCUPANCY SUBCLASSIFICATIONS

• (I-1) 17 or more persons for 24 hours or more in
  a supervised residential environment
• (I-2) 6 or more persons for 24 hours or more
  receiving medical, surgical, psychiatric, nursing
  or custodial care
• (I-3) 6 or more persons under restrain or
  security
• (I-4) 6 or more persons receiving custodial care
  for less than 24 hours away from their home

33
INSTITUTIONAL OCCUPANCY CONCERNS

• Lack of familiarity with the building
• Occupants sleep there
• Many occupants require some assistance in self
  preservation

34
MERCANTILE OCCUPANCIES

• Mercantile Group M occupancy includes, among
  others, the use of a building or structure, or
  portion thereof, for the display and sale of
  merchandise, and involves stocks of goods, wares
  or merchandise incidental to such purposes and
  accessible to the public.

35
MERCANTILE OCCUPANCY CONCERNS

• Amount of combustible materials
• Amount of toxic or explosive materials
• Number of square feet per occupant
• Lack of familiarity with the building

36
RESIDENTIAL OCCUPANCIES

• Residential Group R occupancy includes, among
  others, the use of a building or structure, or
  portion thereof, for sleeping accommodations when
  not classed as an Institutional when not classed
  as an Institutional Group 1.

37
RESIDENTIAL OCCUPANCY SUBCLASSIFICATIONS

• (R-1) Multi-family where the occupants are
  primarily transient in nature (stay less than 30
  days)
• (R-2) Multi-family of 3 or more units where the
  occupants are primarily permanent in nature (stay
  30 days or more)
• (R-3) One and two family dwellings
• (R-4) Residential Care/Assisted Living Facilities
  for 6 to 16 persons

38
RESIDENTIAL OCCUPANCY CONCERNS

• Lack of familiarity with the building
• Occupants sleep there

39
STORAGE OCCUPANCIES

• Storage Group S occupancy includes, among
  others, the use of building or structure, or
  portion thereof, for storage that is not classed
  as a hazardous occupancy.

40
STORAGE OCCUPANCY SUBCLASSIFICATIONS

• (S-1) Storage of products other than those in
  Group S-2
• (S-2) Includes, among others, buildings used for
  the storage of noncombustible materials such as
  products on wood pallets or in paper cartons with
  or without single thickness divisions or in
  paper wrappings. Such products may have a
  negligible amount of plastic trim such as knobs,
  handles or film wrapping.

41
STORAGE OCCUPANCY

• Amount of combustible materials
• Amount of toxic or explosive materials

42
UTILITY AND MISCELLANEOUS GROUP U

• Buildings and structures of an accessory
  character and miscellaneous structures not
  classified in any specific occupancy shall be
  constructed, equipped and maintained to the
  requirements of this code commensurate with the
  fire and life hazard incidental to their
  occupancy.

43
CHANGING OCCUPANCIES

• Fire Requirements
• Structural Requirements

44
HEIGHTS AND AREAS
45
HEIGHTS AND AREAS

• OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
46
DETERMINING BUILDING HEIGHTS

• Critical Height Definitions
• Grade Plane
• Building Height
• Story Height

47
DETERMINING BUILDING AREAS

• Critical Area Definitions
• Net Floor Area
• Gross Floor Area
• Building Area

48
ALLOWABLE BUILDING HEIGHTS AND AREAS

• General allowable heights are determined from
  Table 503
• Increase to allowable heights or areas for
  automatic sprinkler protection
• Increase to allowable area for frontage
• Maximum area allowed

49
GENERAL ALLOWABLE HEIGHTS AND AREAS
50
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER PROTECTION INCREASE

• 200 percent increase of Table 503 areas for
  multi-story building
• IS 200
• 300 percent increase of Table 503 areas for
  single-story buildings
• IS 300

51
GENERAL ALLOWABLE HEIGHTS AND AREAS
Single-story Single-story Five-story Five-story Six-story
Unsprinklered Sprinklered Unsprinklered Sprinklered Sprinklered
Building area 36,000 144,000 108,000 x 3 324,000 324,000
Per floor area 36,000 144,000 21,600 64,800 54,000
52
FRONTAGE INCREASE

• If 100 F/P 0.25 W/30
• If Frontage increase (percent)
• F Building perimeter fronting public way or 20
  (6096 mm) open space
• P Total building perimeter
• W Minimum width of public way or open space
• W must be 20 (6096 mm) minimum
• W/30 not to exceed 1.0
• W/30 not to exceed 2.0 for unlimited area
  buildings as per IBC Sections 503.1.2, 507 508
• Open space on same lot or dedicated to public
  use, and accessed by street or approved fire lane

53
FRONTAGE INCREASE
If 100 F/P 0.25 W/30
I 100 300 / 400 - .25 20/30 I 100 0.75
0.25 0.67 I 100 0.5 0.67 I 33.33
Occupancy B F/P 0.75
Construction type IV F/P 0.25 0.5
Table 503 unsprinklered area 36,000
Allowable sprinklered area 144,000 Single-story
Allowable sprinklered area 108,000 Multi-story
Open Perimeter Closed Perimeter Total Perimeter(P)
100 0 400
100 0
100 0
0 100
0 0
0 0
300 100
AREAS AFTER FRONTAGE INCEASE Allowable
unsprinklered area 48,000 Allowable sprinklered
area 156,000 Single-story Allowable
unsprinklered area 120,000 Multi-story
54
TOTAL INCREASE

• Aa At AtIf / 100 AtIs / 100
• Aa Allowable per floor area
• At Allowable area from IBC Table 503
• If Frontage increase
• Is Sprinkler increase
• Single basement may be area of single-story
  building maximum without affecting area of above
  grade plane floors

55
MAXIMUM AREA ALLOWED

• Am AaHs
• Am Maximum allowable per building area
• Aa Allowable per floor area
• Hs Height in stories
• Hs cannot exceed 3 except for unlimited area
  buildings in IBC Section 507

56
MODIFICATIONS TO AREAS OF BUILDINGS

• Unlimited area and other increases

57
HEIGHT MODIFICATIONS DUE TO AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER
PROETECTION

• All buildings protected in accordance with IBC
  Section 903.1.1
• 1 additional story
• An additional 20 feet (6096 mm)
• Group R occupancies protected in accordance with
  IBC Section 903.1.2
• 1 additional story, but no more than 4 stories
  total
• An additional 20 feet (6096 mm), but no more than
  60 feet (18,288 mm)
• Height increases in addition to the area increase
  for sprinkler protection
• No increase for I-2 of Type IIB, III, IV, or V
  construction
• No increase for H-1, H-2, H-3, H-5

58
ROOF STRUCTURES

• Exempt structures
• Penthouses limited to 1/3 area and certain
  construction type requirements
• 20 foot (6096 mm) for combustible structures

59
PARKING UNDER GROUP R

• Measure allowable stories above grade entrance
  Group S-2 parking when
• Parking is one story above grade plane maximum
• Parking is open or enclosed of Type I
  construction, or open of Type IV construction
• Separation between Group S and Group R in
  accordance with IBC Section 302.3.3
• Story height exception only

60
MEZZANIES

• Communication of spaces
• Limited area and occupancy
• Egress considerations
• Story height only

61
BASEMENTS

• Below LED (Level of Exit Discharge)
• Vertical egress distance
• Fire department vehicular access
• Story height only (when totally underground
  within 12 of lowest point below grade 2 exits)

62
OTHER MODIFICATIONS TO HEIGHTS OF BUILDINGS

• Special provisions

63
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION
64
SELECTING TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
IBC NC I NC II NC III NC/C IV C(H) V C
BOCA 1 NC 2 NC 2 NC 3 NC/C 4 C(H) 5 C
SBC I NC II NC IV NC V NC/C III C(H) VI C
UBC I NC II NC III NC/C IV C(H) V C
FBC I NC II NC IV NC V NC/C III C(H) VI C
NFPA I II II III IV V
65
SELECTING TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
Materials (ASTM E-136)
IA IB IIA IIB IIIA IIIB IV VA VB
NC NC NC NC NC/C NC/C C(H) C C
66
SELECTING TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION

• Assemblies (ASTM E-119)
• IBC Table 601 fire-resistance rating requirements
  for building elements (hours)

67
SELECTING TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION

• Mixing types of construction
• Horizontal
• Vertical

68
EXTERIOR WALL PROTECTION

• Exterior wall ratings
• Fire-resistance rating
• 5 foot (1524 mm) exposure rating

69
EXTERIOR WALL PROTECTION

• Protection of exterior wall openings
• Percentage of allowable openings
• Openings protectives

70
EXTERIOR WALL PROTECTION

• Buildings on same lot

71
FIRE WALL PROTECTION

• Rating
• Opening Protectives

72
FIRE WALL SEPARATION

• Total separation

73
FIRE WALL STRUCTURAL INDEPENDANCE

• Wall must remain in place if either building on
  either side is destroyed

74
MULTIPLE OCCUPANCY BUILDINGS
75
MULTIPLE OCCUPANCY BUILDINGS

• Multiple Buildings with Fire Walls
• Single Occupancy Classification
• Mixed Occupancies

76
MIXED OCCUPANCIES

• Ap1/Aa1Ap2/Aa21
• Ap1 Occupancy one planned area
• Aa1 Occupancy one allowable area
• Ap2 Occupancy two planned area
• Aa2 Occupancy two allowable area
• Occupancies of less than 10 in area
• Other incidental uses

77
MEANS OF EGRESS DEFINITIONS
78
MEANS OF EGRESS

• A continuous and unobstructed path of vertical
  and horizontal egress travel from any point in a
  building or structure to a public way. A means
  of egress consists of three separate and distinct
  parts the exit access, the exit and the exit
  discharge.

79
EXIT ACCESS

• That portion of a means of egress system that
  leads from any occupied point in a building or
  structure to an exit.

80
EXIT

• That portion of a means of egress system which
  is separated from other interior spaces of a
  building or structure by fire-resistance-rated
  construction and opening protectives as required
  to provide a protected path of egress travel
  between the exit access and the exit discharge.
  Exits include exterior exit doors at ground
  level, exit enclosures, exit passageways,
  exterior exit stairs, exterior ramps and
  horizontal exits.

81
EXIT DISCHARGE

• That portion of a means of egress system between
  the termination of an exit and a public way.

82
LEVEL OF EXIT DISCHARGE

• The horizontal plane located at the point at
  which an exit terminates and an exit discharge
  begins.

83
PUBLIC WAY

• A street, alley or other parcel of land open to
  the outside air leading to a street, that has
  been deeded, dedicated or otherwise permanently
  appropriated to the public for public use and
  which has a clear width and height of not less
  than 10 feet (3048 mm).

84
ACCESSIBLE MEANS OF EGRESS

• A continuous and unobstructed way of egress
  travel from any point in a building or facility
  that provides an accessible route to an area of
  refuge, a horizontal exit or a public way.

85
MINIMUM OCCUPANT LOAD
86
MINIMUM OCCUPANT DESIGN LOAD

• Compare actual load with number from tables
• Occupants of spaces that egress through other
  spaces

87
MAXIMUM FLOOR AREA ALLOWANCES PER OCCUPANT
Assembly without fixed seats
Concentrated (chairs only not fixed) 7 net
Standing space 5 net
Unconcentrated (tables and chairs) 15 net

Business areas 100 gross

Educational
Classroom area 20 net
Shops and other vocational room areas 50 net
88
FIXED SEATING EGRESS CAPACITY

• Areas with fixed seats
• Fixed seats without dividing arms
• 18 general
• 24 booths

89
NUMBER OF EXITS OR EXIT ACCESS
90
NUMBER OF EXITS OR EXIT ACCESS

• Two required in most cases
• More than two may be required

91
SINGLE MEANS OF EGRESS

• Based on occupant load
• Based on travel distance
• Room size
• Common path of travel

92
MINIMUM NUMBER OF EXITS

• Every floor area provided with exits based on
  occupant load
• Required number of exits maintained to grade or
  public way
• Occupied roofs treated as floors for determining
  minimum number of exits

93
MINIMUM NUMBER OF EXITS FOR OCCUPANT LOAD
Occupant Load Minimum Number of Exits
1 -500 2
501 1,000 3
More than 1,000 4
94
EXITS FROM OPEN PARKING STRUCTURES

• 2 exits minimum from each parking structure
• 1 exit where vehicles are mechanically parked
• Ramps with pedestrian facilities can be
  considered as exits

95
SINGLE EXIT PERMITTED

• Buildings in Table 1005.2.2 Buildings with one
  exit, if no more than one level below the first
  story
• R-3 buildings
• Single level buildings occupied space at the
  level of exit discharge if story or space
  complies with 1004.2.1 Exit or exit access
  doorways required, as a space with one means of
  egress

96
BUILDINGS WITH ONE EXIT
Occupancy Maximum Height of Building Above Grade Plane Maximum Occupants (or Dwelling Units) per Floor and Travel Distance
A,B,E,F,M,U 1 Story 50 occupants and 75 travel distance
B,F,M,S 2 Stories 30 occupants and 75 travel distance
R-2 2 Stories 4 dwelling units and 50 travel distance
97
EXIT CONTINUITY

• Exits shall be continuous from the point of
  entry into the exit to the exit discharge.

98
ADA ENTRACNES AND EXITS
99
ADA ENTRANCES

• (8) In new construction, at a minimum, the
  requirements in (a) and (b) below shall be
  satisfied independently
• (a)(i) At least 50 of all public entrances
  (excluding those in (b) below) must be
  accessible. At least one must be a ground floor
  entrance. Public entrances are any entrances
  that are not loading or service entrance.
• (ii) Accessible entrances must be provided in a
  number at least equivalent to the number of exits
  required by the applicable building/fire codes.
  (This paragraph does not require an increase in
  the total number of entrances planned for a
  facility.)
• (iii) An accessible entrances must be provided to
  each tenancy in a facility (for example,
  individual stores in a strip shopping center).
• (a). Where feasible, accessible entrances shall
  be the entrances used by the majority of people
  visiting or working in the building.

100
ADA ENTRANCES

• (b)(i) In addition, if direct access is provided
  for pedestrians from and enclosed parking garage
  to the building, at least one direct entrance
  from the garage to the building must be
  accessible.
• (ii) If access is provided for pedestrians from a
  pedestrian tunnel or elevated walkway, one
  entrance to the building from each tunnel or
  walkway must be accessible. One entrance may be
  considered as meeting more than one of the
  requirements in (b). Because entrances also
  serve as emergency exits whose proximity to all
  parts of buildings and facilities is essential,
  it is preferable that all entrances be accessible
• (c) If the only entrances to a building, or
  tenancy in a facility, is a service entrance,
  that entrance shall be accessible.
• (d) Entrances which are not accessible shall have
  directional signage complying with 4.30.1,
  4.30.2, 4.30.3, and 4.30.5, which indicates the
  location of the nearest accessible entrance.

101
ADA EXITS

• (9) In buildings or facilities, or portions of
  buildings or facilities, required to be
  accessible, accessible means of egress shall be
  provided in the same number as required for exits
  by local building/life safety regulations. Where
  a required exit from an occupiable level above or
  below a level of accessible exit discharge is not
  accessible, an area of rescue assistance shall be
  provided on each such level (in a number equal to
  that of inaccessible required exits). Areas of
  rescue assistance shall comply with 4.3.11. A
  horizontal exit meeting the requirements of local
  building/life safety regulations, shall satisfy
  the requirement for an area of rescue assistance.
• EXCEPTION Areas of rescue assistance are not
  required in a buildings or facilities having a
  supervised automatic sprinkler system.

102
EGRESS CAPACITY
103
MAIN ENTRANCE AT GROUP A

• 50 minimum through main entrance where occupant
  load greater than 300
• 50 minimum egress through peripheral exits where
  occupant load greater than 300

104
EGRESS WIDTH

• Width per person

105
MINIMUM WIDTH

• Doors 32 with exceptions
• Corridors 44 with exceptions
• Stairways 44 with exceptions

106
WIDTH PER OCCUPANT(OCCUPANCIES OTHER THAN H-1,
H-2, H-3, H-4, AND I-2
UNSPRINKLERED
SPRINKLERED
Doors 0.2 0.2
Corridors 0.2 0.2
Stairways 0.3 0.3
Doors 0.15 0.2
Corridors 0.15 0.2
Stairways 0.2 0.3
Denotes comparable traditional egress capacities
107
MULTIPLE MEANS OF EGRESS

• If any means of egress lost 50 capacity
  maintained

108
WIDTH IN THE DIRECTION OF EGRESS TRAVEL

• Maintain egress capacity to termination of egress
• Exception for assembly

109
DOOR ENCROACHMENT

• Reduction of required width ½ maximum
• Project no more than 7 when fully open
• R-2 and R-3 dwelling units exempt

110
CONTINUITY

• No interruption of egress path
• No obstructions
• Capacity maintained

111
MULTI-LEVEL EGRESS CAPACITY

• Exits serving more than one level

112
MULIT-LEVEL EGRESS CAPACITY

• Converging exits

113
MULTI-LEVEL EGRESS CAPACITY

• Egress from mezzanines

114
OUTDOOR AREA EGRESS CAPACITY

• Means of egress required
• Occupant load determined by building official
• Outdoor areas that egress through buildings
• Exceptions
• Exception for service areas
• Exception R-2 and R-3

115
MAXIMUM OCCUPANT CONTENT

• Increase in minimum occupant load permitted
• 5 square feet per occupant maximum
• Seating diagram may be required

116
POSTING

• Maximum occupant content must be posted in
  assembly spaces (legible, conspicuous, and near
  main entrance)
• Posting of seating diagram may be required

117
ARRANGEMENT OF EXITS
118
EGRESS IN MULTIPLE OCCUPANCIES

• Provisions relate to actual occupancy
• Use most stringent when different occupancies
  share egress portions

119
ARRANGEMENT OF EXIT AND EXIT ACCESS DOORWAYS 2
DOORWAYS

• ½ diagonal of building or area to be served
• Related corridors
• Automatic sprinkler protection

120
ARRANGEMENT OF EXIT AND EXIT ACCESS DOORWAYS 3
DOORWAYS

• ½ diagonal of building or area to be served
• Minimize possibility of blockage

121
INTERVENING ROOMS OR AREAS

• Egress not allowed through adjoining rooms or
  areas unless they are
• Accessory areas
• Not high-hazard occupancy unless of same
  occupancy group
• Provide discernable path of travel to exit

122
INTERVENING ROOM EXCEPTIONS

• Intervening rooms do not include foyers, lobbies
  or reception rooms constructed as required for
  corridors
• In B buildings with automatic sprinkler
  protection, corridor can lead through enclosed
  elevator lobbies if all areas of building have at
  least one required exit that does not lead
  through the elevator lobby

123
PROHIBITED EGRESS SPACE

• Egress not allowed through
• Closets
• Kitchens (unless serving adjoining rooms which
  constitute same dwelling unit or guestroom)
• Storerooms
• Or other similar rooms

124
DWELLING UNITS AND SLEEPING AREAS

• Egress not allowed through
• Other sleeping areas
• Toilet rooms
• Bathrooms

125
MULTIPLE TENANTS

• Egress not allowed through adjacent tenants,
  dwelling units and guestrooms

126
TRAVEL DISTANCE

• Distance to an exit from the most remote point
• Unenclosed stairs and ramps
• Open stairs in parking garages

127
EXIT ACCESS TRAVEL DISTANCE
Occupancy Without Sprinkler System Sprinkler System
A,E,F-1,I-1,M,R,S-1 200 250
B 200 300
128
TRAVEL DISTANCE INCREASE

• Roof vent increase in F-1 or S-1, 400
• Egress balcony increase, 100

129
COMMON PATH OF TRAVEL

• 25 for H-1, H-2, and H-3 occupancies
• 75 for all other occupancies

130
COMMON PATH OF TRAVEL INCREASES

• 100 for B, F and S provided with approved
  automatic sprinkler protection
• 11 for tenant spaces in B, S and U with occupant
  load of 30 or less
• 100 for I-3

131
DEAD ENDS

• No dead ends in corridors in excess of 20 (6096
  mm) where more than one exit or exit access
  required
• 50 (15,240 mm) exception for I-3 of Occupancy
  Conditions 2, 3, or 4
• 50 (15,240 mm) exception for B and F with
  automatic sprinkler protection
• No limit where length is less than 2 ½ times the
  width

132
EXIT COMPONENTS
133
EXIT COMPONENTS

• Exterior exit doors at ground level
• Exit enclosures
• Exit passageways
• Exterior exit stairs
• Exterior exit ramps
• Horizontal exits

134
VERTICAL EXIT ENCLOSURES

• Interior exit stairways must be separated
• Vertical exit enclosures to comply with 706 Fire
  Barriers
• Exterior walls to comply with 704 Exterior Walls

135
VERTICAL EXIT ENCLOSURES

• If nonrated exterior walls adjacent to and at an
  angle of 180 degrees or less from other walls,
  then other walls protected within 10 feet (3045
  mm) with
• 1-hour fire-resistance rating
• ¾ hour opening protectives
• Rating and protection from ground to 10 feet
  (3045 mm) above topmost landing or to the roof
  line, whichever is lower

136
VERTICAL EXIT ENCLOSURE EXCEPTIONS

• Except in H and I, stairways serving less than 10
  occupants and 1 story maximum above the level of
  exit discharge
• In A-5 where all portions of egress open to the
  outside
• Stairways serving and within dwelling unit in R-2
  or R-3
• Stairways serving and within guestrooms and
  individual suites in R-1

137
VERTICAL EXIT ENCLOSURE EXCEPTIONS

• Stairways not part of required egress and in
  accordance with IBC 707.2 Shaft Enclosure
  Required
• Stairways in open parking structures serving only
  the open parking

138
VERTICAL EXIT ENCLOSURES EXCEPTIONS

• In I-3 as provided for in IBC 408.3.6 Vertical
  Exit Enclosures
• Means of egress stairs required by IBC 410 5.4
  Stage exits
• Except in H and I, maximum of 50 of egress
  stairs serving and adjacent floor if
• Two means of egress available for both floors
  connected by unenclosed stairs
• Any two such interconnected floors shall not be
  open to other floors

139
EXIT PASSAGEWAYS

• Construction
• Openings
• Ratings

140
EXIT DISCHARGE

• General rules
• Exit courts
• Exit lobbies
• Exit vestibules

141
EXIT COURTS

• Courts less than 10 feet (3048 mm) in width
• Minimal protection

142
EXIT LOBBIES

• 50 of load
• Exit way obvious
• Basement protection
• Automatic sprinkler protection

143
EXIT VESTIBULES

• Basement protection
• Depth 10 feet (3048 mm) maximum
• Length 30 feet (6096 mm) maximum
• ¾ hour separation

144
HORIZONTAL EXITS

• Construction
• Openings
• Ratings
• Areas of refuge

145
FRONTAGE INCREASE

• If 100 F/P 0.25 W/30
• If Frontage increase (percent)
• F Building perimeter fronting public way or 20
  (6096 mm) open space
• P Total building perimeter
• W Minimum width of public way or open space
• W must be 20 (6096 mm) minimum
• W/30 not to exceed 1.0
• W/30 not to exceed 2.0 for unlimited area
  buildings as per IBC Sections 503.1.2, 507 508
• Open space on same lot or dedicated to public
  use, and accessed by street or approved fire lane

146
PROBLEM 1

• Grade School
• IBC Type II A Unsprinklered
• 2 Stories
• 15 from property lines
• 60 or more from street

147
PROBLEM 2

• Office Building
• IBC Type III A
• Unsprinklered
• 5 Stories
• 10 from property lines
• 60 or more from street

148
PROBLEM 3

• Office Building
• IBC Type III A
• Sprinklered
• 5 Stories
• 10 from property lines
• 60 or more from street

149
FRONTAGE INCREASE
If 100 F/P 0.25 W/30
I 100 372/904 0.25 30/30
I 100 0.41 0.25 1.00
I 100 0.16 1.00
I 16.15
Occupancy E F/P 0.41
Construction type II A F/P 0.25 0.16
Table 503 unsprinklered area 26,500
Allowable sprinklered area 106,000 Single-story
Allowable sprinklered area 79,500 Multi-story
Open Perimeter Closed Perimeter
372 372
0 80
0 80
0 0
0 0
0 0
372 532
Actual area 29,760 Actual height in stories 2
Total Perimeter (P) 904
AREAS AFTER FRONTAGE INCREASE Allowable
unsprinklered area 30,780 Allowable sprinklered
area 110,280 Single-story Allowable
sprinklered area 83,780 Multi-story
150
TOTAL INCREASE
Aa At AtIf/100 AtIs/100
Aa Allowable per floor area At Allowable
area from IBC Table 503 If Frontage
increase Is Sprinkler increase

• Single basement may be area of single-story
  building maximum without affecting area of above
  grade plane floors

Aa 26,500 26,500 X 16.15 26,500 X 0
100 100 Aa 26,500 4,280
0 Aa 30,780
151
MAXIMUM AREA ALLOWED

• Am AaHs
• Am Maximum allowable building area
• Aa Allowable per floor area
• Hs Height in stories
• Hs cannot exceed 3 except for unlimited area
  buildings in IBC Section 507

Hs 2
Aa 30,780
Am 61,560
Actual total area of building 59,520
152
FRONTAGE INCREASE
If 100 F/P 0.25 W/30
I 100 380/760 0.25 30/30
I 100 0.5 0.25 1.00
I 100 0.25 1.00
I 25.00
Occupancy B F/P 0.5
Construction type III A F/P 0.25 0.25
Table 503 unsprinklered area 28,500
Allowable sprinklered area 114,000 Single-story
Allowable sprinklered area 85,500 Multi-story
Open Perimeter Closed Perimeter
160 160
220 220
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
380 380
Actual area 35,200 Actual height in stories 5
Total Perimeter (P) 760
AREAS AFTER FRONTAGE INCREASE
Allowable unsprinklered area 35,625 Allowable
sprinklered area 121,125
Single-story Allowable sprinklered area
92,625 Multi-story
153
TOTAL INCREASE

• Aa At AtIf/100 AtIs/100
• Aa Allowable per floor area
• At Allowable area from IBC Table 503
• If Frontage increase
• Is Sprinkler increase
• Single basement may be area of single-story
  building maximum without affecting area above
  grade plane floors

Aa 28,500 28,500 X 25.00 28,500 X 0
100 100

Aa 28,500 7,125 0

Aa 35,635
154
MAXIMUM AREA ALLOWED

• Am AaHs
• Am Maximum allowable building area
• Aa Allowable per floor area
• Hs Height in stories
• Hs cannot exceed 3 except for unlimited area
  buildings in IBC Section 507

Hs 3
Aa 35,625
Am 106,875
Actual total area of building 176,000
155
FRONTAGE INCREASE
If 100 F/P 0.25 W/30
I 100 530/1060 0.25 30/30
I 100 0.5 0.25 1.00
I 100 0.25 1.00
I 25.00
Occupancy B
Construction type III A
Table 503 unsprinklered area 28,500
Allowable sprinklered area 114,000 Single-story
Allowable sprinklered area 85,500 Multi-story
Open Perimeter Closed Perimeter
110 110
420 420
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
530 530
Actual area 46,200 Actual height in stories 5
Total Perimeter (P) 1060
AREAS AFTER FRONTAGE INCREASE
Allowable unsprinklered area 35,625 Allowable
sprinklered area 121,125 Single-story Allowable
sprinklered area 92,625 Multi-story
156
TOTAL INCREASE

• Aa At AtIf/100 AtIs/100
• Aa Allowable per floor area
• At Allowable area from IBC Table 503
• If Frontage increase
• Is Sprinkler increase
• Single basement may be area of single-story
  building maximum without affecting area of above
  grade plane floors

Aa 28,500 28,500 X 25.00 28,500 X 200
100 100
Aa 28,500 7,125 57,000
Aa 92,625
157
MAXIMUM AREA ALLOWED

• Am AaHs
• Am Maximum allowable building area
• Aa Allowable per floor area
• Hs Height in stories
• Hs cannot exceed 3 except for unlimited area
  buildings in IBC Section 507

Hs 3
Aa 92,625
Am 277,875
Actual total area of building 231,000
158
DETERMINING OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

• Determine the occupancy classification of this
  55,000 square foot grocery store with 7,000
  square foot back area

159
TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION

• What is the type of construction of the
  noncombustible building to the right?
• Eight story portion
• Columns 3 hours
• Beams, girders, trusses 3 hours
• No bearing walls
• Floor construction 2 hours
• Roof construction 1 ½ hours
• Three story portion
• Columns 3 hours
• Beams, girders, trusses 3 hours
• Bearing walls 2 hours
• Floor construction 2 hours
• Roof construction 1 hour

160
ALLOWABLE PERCENT OF OPENINGS IN EXTERIOR WALLS

• The four, Type 1B buildings to the right are 9
  from their respective property lines to the
  South. Each of these S-1 occupancy buildings has
  1000 square feet of bearing wall on the South
  elevation. Determine the required fire ratings
  of the walls and determine if they are in
  compliance for allowable percentage of openings.
• Building A
• 108 square feet of openings
• All openings unprotected
• Building B
• 90 square feet of unprotected openings
• 108 square feet of protected openings
• Building C
• 180 square feet of protected openings
• Building D
• 10 x 70 wall meeting ASTM E-119, 2-hour fire
  rating with a temperature rise of no more than
  250 degrees on the unexposed surfaces at two
  hours
• 10 x 30 wall meeting ASTM E-119, 2-hour fire
  rating with a temperature rise of 460 degrees on
  the unexposed surface at two hours
• 200 square feet of protected opening

161
NONCOMPLIANT EXISTING FACILITY

• This 40 year old, Type IIB shopping center was
  384,000 square feet in area, one-story in height
  and unsprinklered. The shopping center is at
  least 60 from all property lines. The two-story
  store is 48,000 square foot, unsprinklered store
  was demolished to make way for the new tenant.
  Can this shopping center be built under the
  present code? If not, what solution would you
  generate that may satisfy the code official
  enough to allow your client to build the new
  store?

162
FIRE AREAS

• A restaurant owner is planning to add three new
  theme restaurants to his existing theme
  restaurant. The addition will include new
  lobbies and circulation space. The existing
  restaurant is unsprinklered and would be
  impossible to sprinkle because of existing
  circumstances. The new areas can be sprinklered.
  Can this project meet code without the use of
  fire walls?
• New Restaurant A
• 9,000 square feet
• 700 occupants
• New Restaurant B
• 4,000 square feet
• 250 occupants
• New Restaurant C
• 4,000 square feet
• 250 occupants
• Existing Restaurant D
• 4,000 square feet
• 250 occupants
• New circulation and Lobby Areas

163
EXERCISE Determine Minimum Occupant Load
164
EXERCISE Determine the number of accessible
entrances and exits
165
DESIGN AN EGRESS SCHEME

• Design an egress scheme for the 30 by 120, 4th
  floor office suite to the right. The building is
  fully sprinklered and the window wall cannot be
  used for egress

166
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167

• This information has been provided by
• Codeaccess
• International Building Code Workshop
• CS616A
• (Building Uses and Types)
• CS616B
• (Life Safety)